Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what is embryology? |
embryology
study of origin & development of a single individual |
|
|
when is the embryonic period?
|
embryonic period - first 8 weeks
|
|
|
when is the fetal period?
|
fetal period - 9 weeks to birth
|
|
|
at what week do the 3 germ layers appear?
|
at week three, the three layered embryo has 3 types of germ cells: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
|
|
|
ectoderm germ layer gives rise to ..?
|
ECTODERM GERM LAYER
brain, spinal cord, skin epidermis |
|
|
mesoderm germ layer gives rise to ..?
|
MESODERM GERM LAYER
bones, muscle, connective tissue, epithelium, endothelium (inside blood vessels), mesothelium (inside ventral body cavities) |
|
|
endoderm germ layer gives rise to ...?
|
ENDODERM GERM LAYER
inner epithelial lining of gut tube & its derivatives (respiratory tubes, digestive organs, urinary bladder) & secretory cells of some glands |
|
|
the neural crest cells of the ectoderm give rise to ..?
|
sensory nerve cells, melanocytes (skin pigment), certain bones of the head & certain blood vessels of the head
|
|
|
what are somites?
|
somites are masses of mesoderm in developing embryos. they are distributed along with 2 sides of the neural tube & will evetually become the vertebrae (sclerotome), skeletal muscle (myotome) and dermis (dermatome) including connective tissue
|
|
|
what is the sclerotome?
|
sclerotome=vertebrae
|
|
|
what is the myotome?
|
myotome=skeletal muscle
|
|
|
what is the dermatome?
|
dermatome=dermis
|
|
|
what does the potency of a cell refer to?
|
potency of a cell specifies its differentiation potential, or potential to differentiate into different cell types
|
|
|
what is totipotency?
|
TOTIPOTENCY
ability of a single cell to divide & produce all the differentiated cells in an organism, including extraembryonic tissues |
|
|
examples of totipotent cells in humans?
|
totipotent cells in human
-cells of the zygote -morula (3 days old with 16-32 cells) |
|
|
what are pluripotent cells?
|
pluripotent stem cells
can give rise to any fetal or adult cell type; however, alone cannot develop into fetal or adult because they lack potential to contribute to extraembryonic tissue like the placenta |
|
|
example of a pluripotent cell
|
ex of pluripotent cell:
inner mass cells within the blastocyst (5-7 days old) |
|
|
what is a multipotent progenitor cell?
|
multipotent progenitor cells have potential to give rise to cells from multiple but a limited number of lineages
|
|
|
example of a multipotent stem cell
|
ex of multipotent cell:
hematopoietic cell, a blood stem cell can develop into several types of blood but cannot develop into brain or any other types of cells |
|
|
what are unipotent cells?
|
unipotent cells
at the end of the long series of cell divisions that form the embryo are cells that are terminally differentiated or that are considered to be permanently committed to a single cell type |
|
|
what are the splenic cords? where are they found?
|
SPLENIC CORDS
it is reticular connective tissue rich in macrophages which phagocytize old or defective blood cells & microbes in the red pulp of the spleen |
|
|
what is the simplest lymphoid organ?
|
the tonsils are the simplest lymphoid organ
|
|
|
purpose of the tonsils?
|
crypts of the tonsil trap bacteria & particulate matter. it removes the pathogens which enter the pharynx through air or swallowed food
|
|
|
where are the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) found?
|
MALT is abundant in the intestine walls & fights against invading pathogens
|
|
|
what are Peyer's patches?
|
PEYER'S PATCHES
aka aggregated lymphoid module is made of MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) and is found in the ileum of the small intestine |
|
|
what is the appendix?
|
APPENDIX = tubular offshoot of the cecum.
|
|
|
what is chylothorax?
|
CHYLOTHORAX
leakage of the lymph into the thorax; disorder of lymphatic & immune system |
|
|
what is lymphangitis?
|
LYMPHANGITIS
inflammation of a lymph vessel; disorder of lymphatic/immune system |
|
|
what is adenitis?
|
ADENITIS
inflammation of lymph node; disorder of the lymphatic/immune system |
|
|
what is hodgkin's disease & non-hodgkin's lymphoma?
|
HODGKIN'S DISEASE
malignancies of lymph nodes; disorder of lymphatic & immune system |
|
|
T/F Lymph flows only toward the heart
|
TRUE. Lymph flows only TOWARD the heart
|
|
|
function of lymphatic system?
|
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
returns excess tissue fluid & blood proteins to blood vascular system |
|
|
what is lymph?
|
LYMPH
once tissue fluid is within lymphatic vessels, this is what it's called |
|
|
what is the order of lymphatic vessels?
|
first lymph capillaries receive lymph which goes to the lymphatic collecting vessels. lymph nodes are scattered along collection vessels & filters the lymph. lymph trunks collect from collecting vessels. lymph ducts empty into veins of the neck
|
|
|
T/F Lymph flow is aided by heart beat
|
FALSE. lymph flow does NOT depend on heartbeat
|
|
|
how many lymph nodes are in the human body?
|
~500 lymph nodes in human body
|
|
|
efferent lymphatic vessels flow into/away from lymph nodes?
|
efferent lymphatic vessels flow away from lymph nodes. efferent EXIT
|
|
|
which lymphatic trunk drains lymph from the head & neck?
a. jugular trunk b. subclavian trunk c. bronchomediastinal trunk d. lumbar trunk e. intestinal trunk |
JUGULAR TRUNK drains lymph from head & neck
|
|
|
which lymphatic trunk receives lymph from upper limbs & thoracic wall?
a. jugular trunk b. subclavian trunk c. bronchomediastinal trunk d. lumbar trunk e. intestinal trunk |
SUBCLAVIAN TRUNKS recieve lymph from upper limbs & thoracic wall
|
|
|
which trunk collects lymph from thracic viscera?
a. jugular trunk b. subclavian trunk c. bronchomediastinal trunk d. lumbar trunk e. intestinal trunk |
BRONCHOMEDIASTINAL TRUNK collects lymph from thoracic viscera
|
|
|
which trunk receives lymph from lower limbs?
a. jugular trunk b. subclavian trunk c. bronchomediastinal trunk d. lumbar trunk e. intestinal trunk |
LUMBAR TURNK receives lymph from lower limbs
|
|
|
which trunk receives chyle from digestive organs?
a. jugular trunk b. subclavian trunk c. bronchomediastinal trunk d. lumbar trunk e. intestinal trunk |
INTESTINAL TRUNK receives chyle from digestive organs
|
|
|
which lymph duct drains 3/4 of the body?
|
the THORACIC DUCT drains 3/4 of body
|
|
|
what are lacteals? location? purpose?
|
LACTEALS are specialized lymphatic capillaries. located in villi of small intestines. receive digested fats
|
|
|
what are the secondary lymphoid organs?
|
SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
-lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils -aggregated lymphoid nodules -appendix |
