Embryology

Front 1

give the day/week in a pregnancy-- fertilization by sperm, initiating embryogenesis

Back 1

day 0

Front 2

give the day/week in a pregnancy --implantation (as a blastocyst)

Back 2

w/in week 1

Front 3

give the day/week in a pregnancy-- bilaminar disk

Back 3

w/in week 2

Front 4

give the day/week in a pregnancy-- gastrulation, primitive streak, notochord, and neural plate begin to form

Back 4

w/in week 3

Front 5

give the day/week in a pregnancy--neural tube formed. Organogenesis. Extremely susceptible to teratogens

Back 5

Week 4

Front 6

give the day/week in a pregnancy-heart begins to beat. Upper and lower limb buds begin to form

Back 6

week 4

Front 7

give the day/week in a pregnancy--genitalia have male/female characteristics

Back 7

week 10

Front 8

image p. 118 fetal landmark

Back 8

--

Front 9

rule of 2s for 2nd week

Back 9

2 germ layers (bilaminar disk): epiblast, hypoblast.
2 cavities: amniotic cavity, yolk sac
2 components to placenta: cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast

Front 10

rule of 3s for 3rd week

Back 10

3 germ layers (gastrula) ectoderm, mesoderm, endodderm

Front 11

the epiblast (precursor to ectoderm) invaginates to form this.

Back 11

primitive streak

Front 12

cells from the primitive streak give rise to what

Back 12

both intraembryionic mesoderm and endoderm

Front 13

give some adult sxs that arise from the surface ectoderm

Back 13

adenohypophysis, lens of eye, epithelial linings, epidermis

Front 14

give some adult sxs that arise from the neuroectoderm

Back 14

neurohypohyisis, CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, pineal gland

Front 15

give some adult sxs that arise from the neural crest cells

Back 15

ANS, dorsal root ganglia,, cranial nerves, melanocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, enterochromaffin cells, pia and arachnoid, celiac ganglion, schwann cells, odontoblasts, parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid, laryngeal cartilage, bones of the skull

Front 16

give some adult sxs that arise from the mesoderm

Back 16

dura mater, CT, mm, bone, CB sxs, lymphatics, blood, UG sxs, serous linings of body cavities (e.g., peritoneal), spleen, adrenal cortex, kidneys.

Front 17

give some adult sxs that arise from the endoderm

Back 17

gut tube epithelium and derivitives (e.g., lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells).

Front 18

give some adult sxs that arise from the notochord

Back 18

induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm (neural plate). Its postnatal derivitive is the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk

Front 19

when are babies most susceptible to the effects of teratogens

Back 19

3rd-8th weeks (organogenesis)

Front 20

given the teratogen give some possible effects on the fetus:
etoh

Back 20

birth defects and mental retardation (leading cause); FAS

Front 21

given the teratogen give some possible effects on the fetus: ACE inhibitors

Back 21

renal damage

Front 22

given the teratogen give some possible effects on the fetus: Cocaine

Back 22

abnormal fetal dvlpmt and fetal addiction

Front 23

given the teratogen give some possible effects on the fetus: DES

Back 23

vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma

Front 24

given the teratogen give some possible effects on the fetus: iodide

Back 24

congenital goiter or hypothyroidism

Front 25

given the teratogen give some possible effects on the fetus: 13-cis-retinoic acid

Back 25

extremely high risk for birht defects

Front 26

given the teratogen give some possible effects on the fetus: thalidomide

Back 26

limb defects ("flipper" limbs)

Front 27

given the teratogen give some possible effects on the fetus: tobacco

Back 27

preterm labor, placental problems, ADHD

Front 28

given the teratogen give some possible effects on the fetus: warfarin, X-rays

Back 28

multiple anomalies

Front 29

what else can cause congenital malformations

Back 29

fetal infections (TORCH)

Front 30

image p. 119 - twinning

Back 30

--

Front 31

the umbilical cord contains 2 umbilical artieries which do this

and 1 umbilical vein which does this

Back 31

return deoxygenated blood from fetal internal illiac arteries

supplies oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus

Front 32

this sx in the umbilical cord removes nitrogenous waste from the fetal bladder (lika a urethra)

Back 32

allantoic duct

Front 33

what does the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk arise from embryologically

Back 33

truncus arteriosus

Front 34

what do the smooth parts of left and right ventricle arise from embryologically

Back 34

bulbus cordid

Front 35

what do the trabeculated parts of left and right ventricle arise from embryologically

Back 35

primitive ventricle

Front 36

what do the trabeculated parts of left and right atrium arise from embryologically

Back 36

primitive atria

Front 37

what does the coronary sinus arise from embryologically

Back 37

Left horn of sinus venosus (SV)

Front 38

what does the smooth part of right atrium arise from embryologically

Back 38

right horn of SV

Front 39

what does the SVC arise from embryologically

Back 39

right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein

Front 40

fetal erythropoeis occurs in these 4 places (give them in correct order

Back 40

1) Yolk sac (3-8 wk)
2) Liver (6-30 wk)
3) Spleen (9-28 wk)
4) Bone Marrow (28 wk onward)

mneu : Young Liver Synthesizes Blood

Front 41

adult hemoglobin sx

Back 41

α2β2

Front 42

fetal hgb sx

Back 42

α2γ2

Front 43

fetal circulation p. 121

Back 43

--

Front 44

bloood in umbilical vv is _____ saturated w/ O2

Back 44

80%

Front 45

fetal circulation involves 3 important shunts because this organ is not yet in use

Back 45

lungs

Front 46

Shunt 1: Most oxygenated blood reaching the heart via the IVC is diverted through this sx and pumped out of the aorta to the head

Back 46

foramen ovale

Front 47

Shunt 2: Deoxygenated blood from the SVC is expelled into the pulmonary artery and _________ to the lower body of the fetus

Back 47

ductus arteriosus

Front 48

Shunt 3: Blood entering the fetus through the umbilical vv is conducted via this into the IVC

Back 48

ductus venosis

Front 49

describe what happens at birth when the infant takes a breath

Back 49

decreased resistance in pulmonary vasculature causes increased L atrial presure v. right atrial pressure; foramen ovale closes. Increased O2 leads to decrease in prostaglandins, causing closure of ductus arteriosis

Front 50

what drug closes the PDA

Back 50

indomethacin

Front 51

what "drug" can keep a patent PDA open

Back 51

Prostaglandins

Front 52

the ligamentum teres hepatis arises from the _____

Back 52

umbilical vein

Front 53

the mediaL umbilical ligaments arises from the

Back 53

UmbiLical artieries

Front 54

the ligamentum arteriosum arises from the

Back 54

ductus arteriosus

Front 55

the ligamentum venosum arises from the

Back 55

ductus venosus

Front 56

the fossa ovalis develops from the

Back 56

foramen ovale

Front 57

the mediaN umbilical ligament arises from the urachus which arises from the

Back 57

AllaNtois

Front 58

what is the urachus

Back 58

part of the allantoic duct between the bladder and the umbilicus

Front 59

the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk arises from teh

Back 59

notochord

Front 60

what aortic arch doese the MAXillary aa arise from

Back 60

1st

mneu: 1st arch is MAXimal

Front 61

what aortic arch doese the Stapedial aa and hyoid aa arise from

Back 61

2nd

mneu: second=stepedial

Front 62

what aortic arch doese the Common Corotid aa & the proximal part of the internal Carotic arise from

Back 62

3rd

mneu: C is 3rd letter of alphabet

Front 63

what aortic arch doese the aortic arch on L and proximal part of the subclavian aa on R arise from

Back 63

4th

mneu:4th arch (4 limbs)=systemic

Front 64

what aortic arch doese the proximal part of pulmonary and (on L only) ductus arteriosus arise from

Back 64

6th

mneu :6 upside down looks kind of like a P

6=pulmonary and pulmonary to systemic shunt ductus arteriosis

Front 65

branchial clefts are derived from this tissue

Back 65

ectoderm

mneu: CAP covers outside from inside (Clefts=ectoderm, Arches=mesoderm, Pouches=endoderm)

Front 66

branchial arches are derived from this tissue

Back 66

mesoderm and neural crests

Front 67

branchial pouches are derived from this tissue

Back 67

endoderm

Front 68

branchial is sometimes called this

Back 68

pharyngeal

Front 69

clefts are sometimes called this

Back 69

grooves

Front 70

Give 2 bones/cartilage, muscles, and 1 nerve that arrises from branchial arch 1 derivitives

Back 70

Meckel's cartilage: Mandible, Malleus, incus, sphenoMandibular ligament
Muscles: Muscles of Mastication (temporalis, Masseter, lateral and Medial pterygoids), Mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympany, tensor veli palatini, anterior 2/3 of tongue

nerve: CN V2, V3

Front 71

Give 2 bones/cartilage, muscles, and 1 nerve that arrises from branchial arch 2 derivitives

Back 71

Reichert's cartilage: Stapes, Syloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid ligament
Muscles: mm of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric
Nerve: CN VII

Front 72

Give 1 bones/cartilage, muscles, and 1 nerve that arrises from branchial arch 3 derivitives

Back 72

Cartilage: greater horn of hyoid
mm: stylopharyngeus
nn: CN IX

hint: think of pharynx: stylopharyngeus is innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 73

Give 2 cartilage, muscles, and 1 nerve that arrises from branchial arch 4-6 derivitives

Back 73

cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneform
mm (4th arch): most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini
mm (6th arch): all intrinsic mm of larynx EXCEPT CRICOTHYROID
nerve: 4th arch -- CN X (superior laryngeal branch)
6th arch - CN X (recurrent laryngael branch)

Front 74

give the brancial arch innervation of arch 1

Back 74

CN V2 & V3

Front 75

give the brancial arch innervation of arch 2

Back 75

CN VII

Front 76

give the brancial arch innervation of arch 3

Back 76

CN IX

Front 77

give the brancial arch innervation of arch 4 & 6

Back 77

CN X

Front 78

1st branchial arch forms this portion of the tongue

what is its innervation

Back 78

anterior 2/3

CN V3 (sensation)
CN VII (taste)

Front 79

3rd & 4th branchial arches forms this portion of the tongue

what is its innervation

Back 79

post 1/3

CN IX-taste

CN X-extreme posterior

Front 80

give the cranial nn and nucleus responsible for taste

Back 80

CN VII, IX, X (solitary nucleus

Front 81

give the cranial nn responsible for pain

Back 81

CN V3, IX, X

Front 82

give the cranial nn responsilbe for motor

Back 82

CN XII

Front 83

1st branchial cleft develops into this

Back 83

external auditory meatus

Front 84

2nd-4th branchial cleft develops into this

Back 84

temporary cervical sinuses, which are obliterated by proliferation of 2nd arch mesenchyme

Front 85

persistant cervical sinuses can lead to this

Back 85

branchial cyst in the neck

Front 86

what parts of the ear develop from the 1st branchial arch

Back 86

bones: Malleus/incus
mm: Tensor tyMpani (V3)

Front 87

what parts of the ear develop from the 1st branchial cleft

Back 87

external auditory meatus

Front 88

what parts of the ear develop from the 2st branchial arch

Back 88

bones: stapes
mm: stapedius (VII)

Front 89

what is a branchial membrane

Back 89

located at the jx of clefts and pouches

Front 90

what part of the ear develops from the 1st branchial membrane

Back 90

eardrum and eustachian tube

Front 91

what does the 1st branchial pouch develop into

Back 91

middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cell

note: 1st pouch contributes to endoderm-lined sxs of ear

Front 92

what does the 2nd branchial pouch develop into

Back 92

epithenial lining of the palatine tonsil

Front 93

what does the 3rd branchial pouch (dorsal wings) develop into

Back 93

INFERIOR PARATHYROIDS

Front 94

what does the 3rd branchial pouch (ventral wings) develop into

Back 94

thymus

Front 95

what does the 4th branchial pouch develop into

Back 95

superior parathyroids

Front 96

aberant development of 3rd and 4th pouches can result in this syndrome which leads to T-cell deficiency (thymic aplasia) and hypocalcemia (failure of parathyroid development

Back 96

DiGeorge syndrome

Front 97

The development of the thyroid: The thyroid diverticulum arises from the floor of primitive pharyx, which descends into the neck. It is connected to the tongue by the thyroglossal duct, which normally disappears but may persist as a pyramidal lobe of thyroid. Foramen cecum is normal remnant of thyroglossal duct. The most common ectopic thyroid tissue is found at this site

Back 97

tongue

Front 98

image p. 124 - thyroid development

Back 98

--

Front 99

A cleft lip is the result of failure of fusion of these two processes

Back 99

maxillary and medial nasal processes (formation of primary plate)

Front 100

A cleft palate is failure of fusion of these things

Back 100

lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine processes (formation of secondary paalate)

Front 101

diaphram is derived from 4 sxs what are they

Back 101

1) septum transversum
2) pleuroperitoneal folds
3) body wall
4) dorsal mesentery of esophagus

mneu: Several Parts Build Diaphram

Front 102

Diaphram descends during dvlpmt but maintains innervation from above. what is the innervation.

Back 102

C3-5

mneu: C3,4,5 keeps the diaphram alive

Front 103

incomplete develop of the diaphram may cause abdominal contents to herniate into the thorax. What is this called

Back 103

hiatal hernia

Front 104

what part of the gut is the pancreas derived

Back 104

foregut

Front 105

which pancreatic bud develops into the pancreatic head, uncinate proces (lower half of head), and main pancreatic duct.

Back 105

ventral pancratic bud

Front 106

which pancreatic bud develops into the body, tail, isthmus, and accessory pancreatic duct

Back 106

dorsal pancreatic duct

Front 107

this describes when ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds abnormally encircle the duodenum forming a ring of pancreatic tissue that may cause duodenal narrowing

Back 107

annular pancreus

Front 108

T or F: Spleen arises from dorsal mesentary but is supplied by artery of foregut

Back 108

T

Front 109

image p.124 Pancreus embryology

Back 109

--

Front 110

name the genital ducts of the embryo

Back 110

mesonephric (wolffian) duct
paramesonephric (mullerian) duct

Front 111

image p. 124-genital ducts

Back 111

--

Front 112

what does the mesonephric (wolffian) duct develop into

Back 112

Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, and Ductus deferens

Front 113

what does the paramesonephric (wolffian) duct develop into

Back 113

fallopian tube, uterus, and part of vagina

Front 114

this substance secreted by the testes, suppresses development of paramesonephric ducts in males

Back 114

mullerian inhibiting substance

Front 115

increase in these hormones cause the development of the mesonephric ducts

Back 115

increase androgens

Front 116

image p.125-Male/female genital homologues

Back 116

--

Front 117

genetial tubercle exposed to dihydrotestosterone will develop into

Back 117

glans penis

Front 118

genetial tubercle exposed to estrogen will develop into

Back 118

glans clitoris

Front 119

UG sinus exposed to dihydrotestosterone will develop into

Back 119

corpus spongiosum, bulbourethral glands (cowpers), prostate gland

Front 120

UG sinus exposed to estrogen will develop into

Back 120

vestibular bulbs, greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin), urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene

Front 121

UG folds exposed to dihydrotestosterone will develop into

Back 121

ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra)

Front 122

UG folds exposed to estrogen will develop into

Back 122

labia minora

Front 123

labioscrotal swelling exposed to dihydrotestosterone will develop into

Back 123

scrotum

Front 124

labioscrotal swelling exposed to estrogenwill develop into

Back 124

labia majora