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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Genetic sex is determined _
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Right after fertilization
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Describe path of germ cells
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Epiblast - yolk sac - dorsal mesentery - genital ridge in lumbar region
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What contributes to gonad
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Germ cells
Coelomic epithelium = splanchnic mesoderm Mesenchyme = undifferentiated connective tissue |
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Primitive sex cords are _
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undifferentiated gonads
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Primitive sex cords become_
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Medullary cords
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What encodes testis determining factor
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SRY gene
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In males cords become_
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Sertoli cells + seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, rete testis
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In testis mesenchymal cells become_
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Leydig cells
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Hydrocele is caused by _
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Patent process vaginalis
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In female cortical cords give rise to _
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follicular cells
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_ same as process vaginalis in males
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Canal of Nuck
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What keeps mesonephric duct intact in males
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Testosterone
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Two factors that directly regulate development of ducts
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Testosterone - Leydig cells
Mullerian inhibiting factor - Sertoli cells |
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Which ducts persist in males
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Mesonephric
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Remnant of paramesonephric duct in males
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Utricule of prostate
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Which ducts persist in females
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Paramesonephric
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Remnants of mesonephric duct in females
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Epoophoron
Paroophoron Gartners cyst in vagina |
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Seminal vesicles come from _
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Intermediate mesoderm
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Prostate is an outgrowth of _
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bladder
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Urogenital sinus + urethra come from _
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Endoderm (allantois)
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Lower 1/3 of vagina comes from _
Upper 2/3 from _ |
Endoderm
Intermediate mesoderm |
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UG folds : in male and female
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Male - floor of penile urethra
Female - labia minora |
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Genital swellings : in male and female
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Male - scrotum
Female - labia majora |
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Genital tubercle : in male and female
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Male - penis
Female - clitoris |
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UG sinus : male and female
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Male - urethra and prostate
Female - urethra and vagina |
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Phenotypic sex depends on
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MIF
Testosterone Dihydrotestosterone Critical timing |
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Turners symdrome
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XO
Germ cells degenerate after they reach gonadal ridge Ovaries do not form but rather ovarian streaks Genitalia female but infantile |
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Hermaphroditism is _
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discrepancy between morphology of gonads and external genitalia
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True hermaphrodites
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Very rare
XX Both testicles and ovaries |
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Male hermaphrodite
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From inadequate production of testosterone and MIF
XY |
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Female hermaphrodite
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Masculinization of genitalia due to excessive aandrogens
Most common cause - congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
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Klinefelter syndrome
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XXY
Males, small testes, long limbs, gynecomastia, low IQ |
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Androgen insensitivity
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Genetically males but tissues in body do not react to testosterone
No uterus, testes are in abdomen or inguinal canal |
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Epispadias
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Urethral opening on top of penis
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Hypospadias
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Urethral opening on bottom of penis
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3 stages of kidney development
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Pronephros
Mesonephros Metanephros |
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Mesonephros gives _
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weeks 4 - 8
Mesonephric tubules Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct |
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2 parts of mature kidney
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Ureteric bud
Metanephric mesoderm |
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Ureteric bud forms _
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Ureter
Renal pelvis minor and major calyx pyramids with collecting tubules |
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Metanephric mesoderm forms _
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Nephrons
Bowmnas capsule Proximal and distal convoluted tubules Loop of Henle |
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What causes metanephric tissue to differentiate
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Collecting tubules
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Changes in position of kidney
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Develops in pelvis
Undergoes : Rotation Migration Loose lobulation |
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Sources of blood for kidney
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First, internal iliac --> lower and upper aorta
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Cloaca is divided by _ in _
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Urorectal septum
Urogenital sinus Anal canal |
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Urinary bladder comes from _
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Allantois
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Urachus becomes _
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Median umbilical ligament
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Trigone is _
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fusion of mesonephric ducts in endoderm
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Epithelum of bladder comes from _
Mesonephric ducts from _ |
Endoderm
Mesoderm |
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Polycystic kidney
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Numerous cyst within kidney - becomes large --> renal failure --> kidney transplant
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Renal agenesis
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More common in males and on left side - ureteric bud fails to contact metanephric mesoderm
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Pelvic kidney
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As kidney go up in abdomen they pass umbilical arteries and get trapped there
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Horseshoe kidney
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fusion of metanephric mesoderm
Normal ascent stopped by IMA |
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Exstrophy of bladder
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Ventral body wall defect
mucosa exposed to exterior Lack of mesodermal migration into region between genital tubercle and umbilicus |
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Urachal fistula
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Lumen of allantois doesnt close
Abnormal opening of bladder to outside, leakage of urine through umbilicus |
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Functions of placenta
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Protection
Nutrition Respiration Excretion Hormone production |
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Fetal part of placenta is called
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Chorion
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3 parts of chorion
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Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast Extraembryonic mesoderm |
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Maternal part of placenta
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Decidua
Endometrium |
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3 parts of decidua
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Decidua basalis - immediately under implantation site, where villi are
Decidua capsularis - covers embryo Decidua parietalis - everything else Decidua parietalis and capsularis will fuse and you will not be able to distinguish |
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Decidual reaction
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Histologic change of endometrium, prevents complete invasion of uterus by placenta
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Differentiate villi
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Primary - syncytio + cytotrophoblast in middle
Secondary - + mesoderm Tertiary - + blood vessels (umbilical) |
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Cotyledon
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Pouch like projections of fetal placenta
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What bursts when waters break
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Amniochorionic membrane
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Placental circulation
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Umbilical arteries --> chorionic arteries --> capillary bed --> umbilical vein
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Placenta accreta
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Invasion of myometrium by placenta (decidual reaction doesnt work)
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Placenta percreta
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Placenta fully penetrates myometreium and attaches to uterine wall, cant deliver placenta, will have huge hemorrhage
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Functions of yolk sac
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Primordial gut
Blood development Germ cells Nutrients |
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Function of allantois
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Blood formation
Bladder |
