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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How long after fertilization will the blastocyst implant into the uterine wall?
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~ day 6, definitely within first week
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How many, and which, germ layers are present in week 2?
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2 germ layers - Epiblast (recall: will invaginate to become primitive streak), and Hypoblast
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How many cavities are present in week 2?
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2 cavities - Amniotic cavity, and Yolk Sac
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What happens within week 3?
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Start forming primitive streak, notochord, neural plate
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When does organogenesis take place?
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Between weeks 3 and 8
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When is am embryo particularly susceptible to teratogens?
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Between weeks 3 and 8 - organogenesis and neural tube formation take place then!
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When is the neural tube formed?
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Day 18 - 21
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When does the embryo heart begin to beat?
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Week 4
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When do the embryo's limbs start to form?
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Week 4
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When can you start to tell if the baby will be a boy or girl?
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Week 10 - genitalia have male or female characteristics
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How many germ layers are present in the 3rd week?
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3 germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
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What is the primitive streak?
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Primitive streak came from epiblast (bilaminar disc) and will eventually give rise to intraembryonic mesoderm and endoderm.
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The anterior pituitary, lens of eye, epithelial linings, and epidermis all come from:
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surface ectoderm
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The posterior pituitary, CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and pineal gland come from:
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NEUROectoderm
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The bones of the skull, layngeal cartilage, and odontoblasts are derived from:
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NEURAL crest (ectoderm)
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The autonomic nervous system, dorsal root ganglia, cranial nerves, celiac ganglion, Schwann cells are derived from:
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NEURAL crest (ectoderm)
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The parafollicular cells of thyroid, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, enterochromaffin cells, pia, and arachnoid mater are derived from:
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NEURAL crest (ectoderm)
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Dura mater is derived from:
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MESOderm
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Connective tissue, bone, muscle, cardiovascular structures, lymphatics, blood, and spleen are derived from:
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MESOderm
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GU structures, serous linings of body cavities, adrenal cortex, and kidneys are derived from:
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MESOderm
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What structures are derived from endoderm?
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Gut tube epithelium and derivatives (lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells)
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What does the notochord do?
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Induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm (neural plate). Later becomes nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc.
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What is the leading cause of mental retardation in children?
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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How do ACE inhibitors affect fetal development?
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renal damage
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Is cocaine bad for pregnant women?
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Yes, get abnormal fetal development and fetal addiction.
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A young girl develops vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma. Her mother most likely took what during pregnancy?
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dietheylstilbestrol (DES)
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A baby is born with flipper limbs. His mother was given what during pregnancy?
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thalidomide
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How does tobacco affect a fetus?
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Preterm delivery, placental problems, ADHD
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1 placenta, 1 chorion, and 2 amniotic sacs =
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monozygotic twins
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2 placentas, 2 chorions, 2 amniotic sacs =
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either dizygotic or monozygotic twins
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What structures are found inside the umbilical cord? (4)
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- 2 arteries carrying deoxygenated blood from fetus back to mom
- 1 vein carrying 80% saturated O2 blood to baby - allantoic duct removes nitrogenous waste from baby, like a urethra |
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What is a single umbilical artery associated with?
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chromosomal and congenital anomalies
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Truncus arteriosis -->
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ascending AO and pulmonary trunk
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Bulbus cordis -->
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smooth parts of L and R ventricles
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Primitive ventricle -->
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trabeculated parts of L and R ventricles
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Primitive atria -->
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trabeculated L and R atria
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Left horn of sinus venosus -->
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coronary sinus
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Right horn of sinus venosus -->
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smooth part of R atrium
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Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein -->
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SVC
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During the period of organogenesis in fetal development, where does fetal erythropoiesis take place?
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3-8 weeks: yolk sac
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Between 6-30 weeks of development, where does fetal erythropoisis take place?
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liver
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During which time of fetal development does erythropoiesis take place in the spleen?
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9-28 weeks
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When does the fetus start making red blood cells from its bone marrow?
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28 weeks and onward
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Fetal Hb has 2 alpha chains and:
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2 gamma chains
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Adult Hb has 2 alpha chains and:
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1 beta chains
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Umbilical vein -->
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ligamentum teres
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umbilical arteries -->
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MEDIAL umbilical ligaments
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ductus arteriosus -->
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ligamentum arteriosum
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ductus venosus -->
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ligamentum venosum
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foramen ovale -->
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fossa ovalis
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allantois - urachus -->
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MEDIAN umbilical ligament
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Urachus =
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part of the allantoic duct between the bladder and the umbilicus
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Baby takes first breath -->
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lower pulmonary vasculature R --> raise LA P --> close foramen ovale
****************************** raise in O2 --> drop in prostaglandins --> close ductus arteriosus |
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Purpose of ductus venosus =
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shunt O2-rich blood from umbilical vein to IVC, bypassing liver circulation
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Purpose of foramen ovale =
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shunt O2-rich blood arrived from IVC to left side of heart to be pumped out the AO and to the head
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1st AO arch -->
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part of maxillary artery
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2nd AO arch -->
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stapedial artery and hyoid artery
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3rd AO arch -->
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common carotid artery, proximal internal carotid artery
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4th AO arch (left and right) -->
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(left) AO arch
(right) proximal subclavian a. |
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6th AO arch -->
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pulmonary arteries, ductus arteriosus (left side)
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branchial clefts came from ecto/meso/endoderm?
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ectoderm
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branchial arches came from ecto/meso/endoderm?
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mesoderm and neural crest (which is ectoderm)
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branchial pouches came from ecto/meso/endoderm?
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endoderm
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mandible, malleus, incus, sphenomandibular ligament came from:
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branchial arch 1
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muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, pterygoids) came from:
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branchial arch 1
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mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, anterior 2/3 of tongue came from:
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branchial arch 1
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CN V2 and V3 came from:
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branchial arch 1
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stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, stylohyoid ligament came from:
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branchial arch 2
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muscles of facial expression came from:
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branchial arch 2
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stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric came from:
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branchial arch 2
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CN VII came from:
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branchial arch 2
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CN IX came from:
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branchial arch 3
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greater horn of hyoid, stylopharyngeus muscle came from:
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branchial arch 3
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posterior 1/3 of tongue from:
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branchial arches 3 + 4
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4th branchial arch -->
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most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini, CN X superior laryngeal branch
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branchial arch 6 -->
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all intrinsic muscles of larynx, CN X recurrent laryngeal branch
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sensation of anterior 2/3 of tongue provided by:
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CN V3
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taste of anterior 2/3 of tongue provided by:
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CN VII
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sensation and taste of posterior 1/3 of tongue provided by:
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CN IX, extreme posterior CN X (branchial arche 3 & 4)
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motor innervation of tongue:
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CN XII
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taste is cranial nerves ??? which go to the ___ nucleus
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CN VII, IX, X; solitary nucleus
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tongue pain is sensed by cranial nerves ???
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CN V3, IX, X
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1 branchial cleft -->
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external auditory meatus
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eardrum, eustachian tube came from:
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1st branchial membrane
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branchial cyst in the neck is due to:
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persistent cervical sinus, which are 2nd - 4th branchial clefts
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1st branchial pouch -->
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middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells
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2nd branchial pouch -->
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epithelial lining of palatine tonsil
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3rd branchial pouch -->
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(doral wings) inferior parathyroid glands, (ventral wings) thymus!!!
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4th branchial pouch -->
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superior parathyroid glands
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DiGeorge's syndrome...again:
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abnormal development of 3rd and 4th branchial pouches --> T-cell deficiency and thymic aplasia and hypocalcemia
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most common site of ectopic thyroid tissue:
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tongue
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foramen cecum =
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normal remnant of thyroglossal duct
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cleft lip due to:
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failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes (formation of primary palate)
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cleft palate due to:
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failure of fusion of lateral palatine processes, nasal septum, and/or median palatine process (formation of 2ndary palate)
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Diaphragm is derived from: (4)
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1) septum transversum
2) pleuroperitoneal folds 3) body wall 4) dorsal mesentery of esophagus |
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diaphragm innervated by:
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phrenic nerves (C3,4,5)
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ventral pancreatic bud -->
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1) pancreatic head
2) uncinate process 3) main pancreatic duct |
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pancreas is derived from:
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foregut - supplied by celiac trunk
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spleen is derived from:
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mesoderm - arises from dorsal mesentery, but supplied by celiac trunk (via splenic artery)
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annular pancreas is due to:
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ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds abnormally encircle 2nd portion of duodenum
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mesonephric/wolffian ducts -->
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seminal vesicles, epididymis, ejactulatory duct, vas deferens
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paramesonephric/mullerian ducts -->
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fallopian tubes, uterus, part of vagina
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What suppresses development of the mullerian duct system in males?
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mullerian inhibiting substance
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Increased androgen exposure to fetus may cause development of:
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mesonephric ducts
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