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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 types of tissue
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Epithelial, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue
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Mucossa v.s. serosa
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Mucosa - Epithelial lining of cavities that connect to the outside of the body (ex. oral cavity, gut, respiratory, genital/urinary)
Serosa - Epithelial tissue that lines body cavities (ex. peritoneal, pleural, pericardial) |
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Embryoic Period
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Week 3-8
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Tissues from Surface Ectoderm
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-Epidermis
-Mucosal linings of mouth and anus -Hair -Nails -cutaneous and mammary glands -Anterior pituitary gland -enamal of teeth -Inner ear -Lens |
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Tissues from neural Tube ectoderm
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-Central nervous system
-Retina -Pineal body -Posterior pituitary gland |
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Tissues from neural crest ectoderm
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-Cranial and sensory ganglia and nerves
-Medulla of adrenal gland -Pigment cells -Brachial arch cartilages -Head mesenchyme -Connective tissue and bones of face and skull -C cells of thyroid gland -Aortic and pulmonary septum of heart -Schwann cells -Arachnoid and pia matter |
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Tissues from axial mesoderm
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-Notochord which converts overlying ectoderm into neural tissue
-Nucleus pulposis |
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Tissues from paraxial mesoderm
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Aka somites
-Muscles of trunk and skeleton except skull -Dermis of skin -Connective tissue |
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Tissues from intermediate mesoderm
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-Urinary system
-Reproductive system (includin all ducts and acessory glands) |
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Tissues from lateral plate mesoderm
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-Connective tissue and muscle of viscera and limbs
-Serous membranes of pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum -Blood and lymph cells -Cardiovascular system -lymphatic system -Spleen -Adrenal cortex |
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Tissues from the endoderm
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Epithelia of:
-Respiratory system -GI tract -Pharynx -Thyroid and parathyroid -Pharynx and tonsils As well as Liver, pancreas, bladder and urachus. |
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Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
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Pleura - Serous membrane around lung cavity
Pericardium - Serous membrane around heart cavity Peritoneum - Serous membrane around abdominopelvic cavity |
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Mesentaries
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Attach gut visera body wall and suspend organs. Consist of a double layer serous membrane
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Septum Transversum
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Part of diaphragm that develops in front of head.
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4 things that make up esophagus
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Septum transversum (which becomes central tendon of diaphragm, pleuroperitoneal membranes, messentary of the esophagus, and peripheral ring of muscle from body wall mesenchyme
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3 sets of veins which the sinus venosus recievs
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umbilical veins from the placenta, vitelline veins from the yolk sac, and cardinal veins from the body of embryo.
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4 parts of primitive heart tube
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Caudal to cranial:
Sinus venosus Primitive atrium Primitive ventricle Bulbus cordis |
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Which ways do the cranial and caudal ends of the primitive heart tube grow to form cardiac loop?
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Cranial end grows ventrally and to the right.
Caudal end grows dorsally and to the left. |
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what do left and right horns of sinus venosus become?
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Left - coronary sinus and oblique vein of left atrium.
Right - sinus venarum (smooth part of right atrium). |
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How are atrioventricular canals formed and how are right and left ventricles partitioned?
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Endocardial cushions form av canals and then approach one another and fuse dividing the atrioventricular canal into a right and left canal.
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Septum Primum
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First sickle shaped septum forming to separate the 2 atria. Leaves temporary opening called ostium primum.
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Ostium Secundum
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Area of primitive atrial septum which undergoes cell death and leaves a hole connecting the atria.
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How are the atria septated?
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Septum Primum grows from top of atria towards bottom. First leaves an opening called the ostium primum. Eventually cushions continue to grow and cover hole. However, atria are still connected because some of septum undergoes apoptosis leadding to the ostium secundum. Next septum secundum grows to the right of the septum and grows all the way to bottom of atria but does not fuse, leaving the foramen ovale. Remaining septum primum forms flap which allows blood flow until birth when left pressure is > right and the valve is pushed shut and fused.
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Ostium Primum
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Area left open when septum primum does not fully fuse with floor of atria.
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Septum Secundum
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Second septum which grows to the right of the first. Grows downward to cover the ostium secundum but does not close go all the way down leaving the foramen ovale.
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Fossa Ovalis
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Site of the foramen ovale indentation of atrial septum form left atrium.
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Derivatives of Aortic Arch Arteries
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First: Maxillary Arteries
Second: Hyoid and stapedial arteries Third: Common carotids Forth: Subclavian and brachiocephalic on right, aortic arch on left Fifth: Completely dissapears Sixth: Proximal part of pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus |
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Ductus Arteriosus
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Shunts blood from the pullmonary arteries to the aorta to bypass the lungs. Forms the ligamentum arteriosum.
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Fate of Dorsal aortae
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Fuse and become the descending aorta.
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Fate of vitelline arteries
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Become celiac, superior and inferior mesentaric arteries.
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Fate of umbilical arteries
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Become the internal iliac arteries and the medial umbilical ligaments.
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Fate of the vitelline veins
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Left dissapears, right becomes hepatic portion of inferior vena cava, the portal vein, and the superior mesenteric vein.
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Fate of Umbilical Vein
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Forms the ligamentum Venosum
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Ductus Venosus
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Formed from left umbilical vein. connects placenta to the inferior vena cava bypassing the liver.
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Cardinal Veins
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Anterior: Drain head neck of embryo.
Posterior: Drains lower body |
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4 things that become inferior vena cava
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Right vitelline vein
Right subcardinal Vein Supracardinal Veins Sacrocardinal veins |
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2 things that make up the pharyngeal arches.
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Unsegmented paraxial mesoderm which give rise to musculature of face and neck.
Neural crest cells which give rise to most of the skeletal components. |
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1st pharyngeal arch (Bone, muscle, nerve, artery)
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Bones: dorsal part gives rise to the maxilla and zygomatic bones. Ventral part gives rise to meckel's cartilage > malleus, incus, mandible.
Muscles: Muscles of mastication Cranial Nerve: Trigeminal Artery: Maxillary from first aortic arch. |
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2nd pharyngeal arch (Bone, muscle, nerve, artery)
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Bones: Reichert's cartilage > stapes, styloid process, lesser horns and superior portion of hyoid bone.
Muscles: Muscles of facial expression Nerve: Facial Artery: Stapedial from second aortic arch |
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3rd pharyngeal arch (Bone, muscle, nerve, artery)
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Bones: Greater horns and inferior portion of hyoid
Muscles: Stylopharyngeus muscle Nerve: Glossopharyngeal Artery: Common carotid and prox. portion of internal carotid from 3rd aortic arch. |
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4th pharyngeal arch (Bone, muscle, nerve, artery)
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Bone: All laryngeal cartilages
Muscles: Levator palatini, constrictors of the pharynx, cricothyroid muscle. Nerve: Vagus (superior laryngeal) Artery: aorta on left, right sublcavian and bracheocephalic on right. |
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6th pharyngeal arch (Bone, muscle, nerve, artery)
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Bones: All laryngeal cartilages
Muscles: Intrinsic muscles of the larynx, upper muscles of esophagus Nerve: Vagus (recurrent laryngeal) Artery: Ductus arteriosus and root of pulmonary arteries. |
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Strucures formed from first pharyngeal cleft.
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External auditory meatus, cana, and lateral part of tympanic membrane. All other clefts are covered by second pharyngeal arch and dont give rise to anything.
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Structures formed from the 1st pharyngeal pouch.
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Eustachian tube, lining of middle ear, medial part of tympanic membrane.
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Structures formed from the 2nd pharyngeal pouch.
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Tonsillar fossa, palatine tonsils.
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Structures formed from the 3rd pharyngeal pouch.
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Dorsally: inferior parathyroid glands.
Ventrally: Thymus gland. |
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What is tongue formed from?
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1st arch has lateral lingual swelling which grows, meets in midline, and fuses. Becomes anterior 2/3
3rd arch has copula which becomes root of tongue (posterior 1/3) |
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Chondocranium
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Catrilagenous neurocranium. Base of Skull. Endochondral Ossification
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Membranous Neurocranium
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Flat bones. Frontal bones, parietal bones, squamous part of occipital bone. Intramembranous ossification.
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Viscerocranium: what is it and what forms it
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Face bones, formed by first 3 pharyngeal arches.
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Cartilaginous viscerocranium
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Develop from mesenchyme from neural crest cells of first 3 arches.
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Membranous Viscerocranium bones
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maxilla, zyomatic, squamos part of temproal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer.
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Unpaired frontonasal prominence
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Becomes forehead and nose. Area around nasal pits have 2 prominences.
Medial Nasal Prominence and Lateral nasal prominence |
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Medial Nasal Prominence
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Part of frontonasal prominance around nasal pit. Becomes the intermaxillary segment which gives rise to
-Philtrum of upper lip -Maxillar alveolar processes of upper 4 teeth -primary hard palate |
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Lateral nasal prominence
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Part of frontonasal prominence around the nasal pitts. forms the alar region of the nose and merge with the maxillary prominence along the nasolacrimal groove.
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Paired maxillary prominence
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Formed from first pharyngeal arch. merge with nasal prominences to form upper cheek and most of upper lip.
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Paired mandibular prominence
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Formed from first pharyngeal arch. merge and form lower lip and mandible.
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Parts of head and neck bones from neural crest cells, paraxial mesoderm, and lateral plate mesoderm
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Neural crest cells - face, front of skull
paraxial mesoderm - parietal bone, occipital, posterior part of temporal bone lateral plate mesoderm - larygeals |
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2 Sub populations of Somites
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Sclerotome and dermomyotome
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Sclerotome
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Subdivision of somite which becomes the vertebrae.
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What part of spinal chord does notochord become
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Nucleus pulposus.
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Dermomyotome
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Subdivision of somite. Dematome becomes dermis of skin. Migrates with coordinating nerve of dermatome.
Myotome becomes the axial and limb muscles |
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Myotome
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Subdivided into epimere and hypomere
Epimere - Becomes skel muscle of back, innervated by dorsal primary rami Hypomere - Becomes skel muscle of limbs and body wall, innervated by ventral primary rami |
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3 types of germ tissue which give rise to limb buds
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Lateral plate mesoderm - Appendicular skeleton of limbs, tendons, ligaments, vasculature
Myotome - Myoblasts and spinal nerves Neural crest cells - Schwann cells and melanocytes |
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Rotation of limbs
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Upper limbs laterally, lower limbs medially.
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Apical Ectodermal RIdge
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Enduces limb development. Determines proximal/distal plane and dorsal/ventral plane
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Upper limbs: Posterior vs anterior condensation
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Posterior: Extensors and supinators. Axial and radial nerves
Anterior: Flexors and pronators. Musculocutaneous, ulnar, and median nerves |
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Lower limbs: Posterior v.s. anterior condensation
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Posterior: Extensors and abductors. Gluteal nerves, femoral nerves, common peroneal nerves.
Anterior: Flexors and adductors. Tibial nerve and obturator nerve. |
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2 rotations of the stomach
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Rotates 90 degrees left clockwise. Also caudal part moves up and right, cranial end moves down and left.
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Derrivatives of dorsal pancreatic bud
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Evagination of foregut. Grows into dorsal mesentery.
-Accessory pancreatic duct -Superior portion of head of pancreas -Body and tail of pancreas |
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Derrivatives of ventral pancreatic bud.
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Evagination of the hepatic diverticulum. Grows into ventral mesentray.
-Main pancreatic duct -uncinate process -inferior portion of head of pancreas |
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Splanchnic Mesoderm
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Lateral plate mesoderm which surrounds endoderm of gut. Becomes mesentary.
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Vitellin duct
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Act apex of midgut loop.
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Midgut rotation.
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Counterclockwise. First 90 degrees occurs during physiological herniation. Rotation is finished with 180 degrees rotation as it returns to abdominal caivty.
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Cranial vs caudal loop of midgut
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Cranial = SI
Caudal = LI |
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Recanalization
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Is the occluding and re-hollowing of gut tube.
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Three germ layers of the urogenital system
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intermediate mesoderm, mesodermal epithelium, endoderm of cloaca.
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Pronephros System
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First urinary system of fetus. Nephrogenic cord starts to segment at cervical region and eventually degenerates.
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Mesonephric system
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2nd urinary system. Has mesonephric tubules which is like bowman's capsule and mesonephric ducts or wolffian ducts which connect to urigenital sinus called cloaca.
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Remenents of mesonephric system in males
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mesonephric ducts become epididymis and vas deferens, tubule becomes efferent ductules.
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Metanephric system
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3rd and definitive kidney. Develops from urteric buds and metanephric blastema.
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What do the uteric buds become
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ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calyx, collecting tubule.
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What dio the metanephric blastema become?
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Become nephrons of kidney.
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Allantois
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Goes into umbilical cord metanephric system. Eventually regresses to form the urachus. This eventually becomes the median umbilical ligament.
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What does the genital tubercle become?
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Glans and shaft of penis. Clitoris
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