Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
625 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Ch. 1 - Prefertilization
|
1
|
|
|
Ploidy of primary oocyte?
|
46, 4N
|
|
|
All primary occytes formed by?
|
5 month
|
|
|
In what phase are they dormant?
|
Prophase
|
|
|
When does the first polar body form?
|
Menstrual cycle, preovulation
|
|
|
What phase does ovulation occur?
|
Metaphase
|
|
|
When does second polar body form?
|
Fertilization
|
|
|
When does spermatogenesis begin?
|
Puberty
|
|
|
Role of type A spermatogonia?
|
To provide continuous supply of stem cells
|
|
|
Role of type B spermatogonia?
|
To enter meiosis
|
|
|
Diploidy of primary spermatocyte?
|
46, 4N
|
|
|
Diploidy of secondary spermatocyte?
|
23, 2N
|
|
|
Spermatids are formed by the completion of?
|
Meiosis II
|
|
|
Process of postmeiotic morph changes is called
|
spermiogenesis
|
|
|
When do sperm undergo capacitation?
|
Female reproductive tract
|
|
|
Advanced maternal age is associated with? 1
|
Down syndrome
|
|
|
Advanced paternal age is associated with? 2
|
Achondroplasia, Marfan syndrome
|
|
|
Male fertility depends on: 2
|
# (20+ million) of sperm & motility
|
|
|
Anovulation is caused by
|
Inadequate secretion of FSH, LH
|
|
|
Mechanism of action of Tx?
|
Clomiphene bind estrogen-R in adenohypophysis -> prevent inh
|
|
|
When does oogenesis start?
|
Week 4 of embyrogenesis
|
|
|
Ch. 2 - Week 1
|
7
|
|
|
Fertilization occurs
|
In ampulla of uterin tube
|
|
|
Acrosome reaction triggered by
|
sperm binding zona pellucida
|
|
|
Purpose of cortical reaction
|
To make oocyte impermeable to other sperm
|
|
|
All mitochondrial DNA is of which origin
|
Maternal origin
|
|
|
Result of cleavage
|
blastula
|
|
|
Up to what stage is each blastomere totipotent?
|
8 cell stage
|
|
|
Morula is defined by how many cells?
|
16-32
|
|
|
Blastocyst formed when?
|
Fluid secreted inside morula make cavity
|
|
|
Inner cell mass becomes 2
|
embryo; embryoblast
|
|
|
Outer cell mass becomes 2
|
placenta; trophoblast
|
|
|
In order to implant, what must degenerate
|
zona pellucida
|
|
|
Blastocyst implants into which wall of uterus
|
Posterior superior
|
|
|
Which layer?
|
Functional layer of endometrium
|
|
|
Which portion of menstrual cycle?
|
Secretory phase
|
|
|
Trophoblast differentiates into 2
|
cytotrophoblast & syncytiotrophoblast
|
|
|
2 common areas for ectopic preg
|
Ampulla of uterine tube, rectouterin pouch
|
|
|
4 conditions predisposing to ectopic preg
|
Chronic salpingitis, endometriosis, PID, post-op adhesions
|
|
|
DDx for ETP? 3
|
Appendicitis, aborting uterine preg, bleeding corpus luteum
|
|
|
hCG levels would be
|
Low for preg but higher than norm
|
|
|
How many placentas, chorions, amniotic sacs in dizygotic twins?
|
2 placenta, 2 chorion, 2 amniotic sacs
|
|
|
How many placentas, chorions, amniotic sacs in monozygotic twins?
|
1 placenta, 1 chorion, 2 amniotic sacs
|
|
|
How many placentas, chorions, amniotic sacs in siamese twins?
|
1 placenta, 1 chorion, 1 amniotic sacs
|
|
|
Ch. 3 - Week 2
|
12
|
|
|
Embryoblast differentiates into dorsally
|
epiblast
|
|
|
Embryoblast differentiates into ventrally
|
hypoblast
|
|
|
Bilaminar disk formed from
|
epiblast & hypoblast
|
|
|
Amniotic cavity formed from
|
epiblast
|
|
|
Yolk sac differentiate from
|
hypoblast
|
|
|
Prochordal plate = fusion of?
|
epiblast & hypoblast
|
|
|
Prochordal plate eventually becomes
|
the mouth
|
|
|
Syncytio grows by?
|
Cytotrophoblast dividing mitotically and adding to sync
|
|
|
What produces hCG?
|
sync
|
|
|
Primary chorionic villi are formed by?
|
Cytotroph protruding into sync
|
|
|
Mesoderm is derived from?
|
Epiblast
|
|
|
Role of somatopleuric mesoderm? 3
|
Line cytotroph, form connecting stalk, cover amnion
|
|
|
3 parts of chorion? (inside -> out)
|
somatopleuric mesoderm, cytotroph, sync
|
|
|
Role of splanchnopleuric mesoderm?
|
Cover yolk sac
|
|
|
hCG role?
|
Stimulate progesterone production in corpus luteum
|
|
|
How long does luteum maintain pregnancy?
|
Up to Week 8
|
|
|
What produces progesterone after?
|
Placenta
|
|
|
At what day does maternal blood assay hCG?
|
Day 8
|
|
|
At what day does maternal urine assay hCG?
|
Day 10
|
|
|
DDx for high hCG? 3
|
Multiple pregnancy, hydatidiform mole, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
|
|
|
Hydatidiform mole always occur with?
|
2 sperms fertilizing ovum
|
|
|
Complete mole ploidy?
|
46XX
|
|
|
Partial mole ploidy?
|
69XXY
|
|
|
How does syncytiotrophoblast grow?
|
Cytotrophoblast divides mitotically and adds to growth of sync (sync does not undergo mitosis)
|
|
|
Signs of molar preg? 3
|
Preeclampsia, elevated hCG, enlarged uterus withh bleeding
|
|
|
Moles progress to which type of CA?
|
Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
|
|
|
Ch. 4 - Weeks 3-8
|
17
|
|
|
Basic segmentation in cephalocaudal direction controlled by
|
Homeobox complex (hox genes)
|
|
|
Gastrulation form
|
trilaminar disk
|
|
|
Primitive streak formed from
|
epiblast
|
|
|
2 neural derivatives of ectoderm
|
neuroectoderm, neural rest
|
|
|
3 differentiations of mesoderm
|
paraxial, intermediate, lateral
|
|
|
chordoma (CD) arises from
|
notochord
|
|
|
Found in? 2
|
intracranial, over sacral region
|
|
|
Commonly present in? 2
|
Men, late adult life (~50 yr)
|
|
|
First missed period corresponds to which week of life?
|
Week 3
|
|
|
Sacrococcygeal teratoma arise from
|
primitive streak pluripotent cells
|
|
|
Commonly present in? 2
|
F infants (malignancy must be removed by 6m)
|
|
|
caudal dysplasia arise from?
|
abnormal gastrulation & migration of mesoderm
|
|
|
VATER Sx?
|
vertebral defects, atreasia, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal deficits
|
|
|
VACTERL Sx?
|
vertebral defects, atreasia, CV defects, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal deficits, upper limb defects
|
|
|
Ch. 5 - placenta, amniontic fluid, umbilical cord
|
22
|
|
|
maternal portion of placenta is
|
decidua basalis, parietalis, capsular, cotyledons
|
|
|
decidua basalis is
|
endometrial derived; b/t blastocysts & myometrium
|
|
|
decidua parietalis is
|
portions of endometrium other than by implantation
|
|
|
decidua capsularis' role
|
covers blastocyst
|
|
|
capsularis degenerates by? Why
|
Week 22 b/c of reduced blood supply
|
|
|
Cotyledons are
|
cobblestones separated by decidua
|
|
|
Maternal surface color
|
dark red
|
|
|
2 types of chorion
|
smooth and villous
|
|
|
fetal surface color 4
|
smooth, shiny, light-blue or blue-pink
|
|
|
how many chorionic vessels should be present?
|
B/t 5 & 8
|
|
|
Velamentous placenta is
|
fetal blood vessels abnormally travel thru amniochorionic membrane before reaching placenta proper
|
|
|
vasa previa is
|
if fetal blood vessels cross internal os
|
|
|
Rupture of vasa previa is a complication of? 3
|
pregnancy, labor, delivery
|
|
|
Placenta previa is
|
if maternal blood vessels cover internal os
|
|
|
Rupture of placenta previa is a complication of?
|
Late preg; 3rd trimester
|
|
|
Clinical Sx of placenta previa? 2
|
Repeat episodes bright red vaginal bleeding; 3rd trimester bleeding
|
|
|
Tx? 1
|
C-section
|
|
|
placenta accreta is
|
placenta implanting on myometrium
|
|
|
placenta increta is
|
placenta implanting on deep myometrium
|
|
|
placenta percreta is
|
placenta implanting through wall of uterus
|
|
|
Complications of these 3? 3
|
Retained placenta, hemorrhage, uterine rupture
|
|
|
Risk factors? 4
|
Multiple curettages, previous C section, severe endometritis, closely spaced pregnancies
|
|
|
Preeclampsia defined as?
|
HTN + edema + proteinuria
|
|
|
Eclampsia defined as?
|
HTN + edema + proteinuria + convulsions
|
|
|
Patho of preeclampsia?
|
generalized arteriolar constriction
|
|
|
Tx? 3
|
Mg sulfate, hydralazine, delivery of fetus once pt stabilized
|
|
|
Risk factors? 6
|
Nulliparity, DM, HTN, renal dz, twin gestation, molar preg
|
|
|
Growth hormone of the fetus?
|
hPL (human placental lactogen)
|
|
|
Purpose?
|
Induce lipolysis to incr FFA in mother
|
|
|
3 estrogens produced by placenta?
|
estrone, estradiol, estriol
|
|
|
Which is the most potent?
|
Estradiol
|
|
|
Progesterone is used in the fetus for? 3
|
Synthesis for glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, testosterone
|
|
|
Name 2 immune cells found in placental membrane
|
Langerhans in cytotrophoblast, Hofbauer cells in CT
|
|
|
Late pregnancy placenta differs from early in that
|
Cytotrophoblast degenerates in late preg
|
|
|
Difference between category X and category D
|
X = abs contraindication; D = definite evidence of risk
|
|
|
Patho for kernicterus in HDNB?
|
Hemolysis -> incr bilirubin deposition in basal ganglia
|
|
|
Another complication of HDNB?
|
Hydrops fetalis
|
|
|
What is RhoGAM?
|
Human IgG to Rh factor
|
|
|
When is it given?
|
3rd trimester, 72 hr after birth to Rh neg mom
|
|
|
Amniontic fluid is derived from mother or baby?
|
Mother
|
|
|
Production is dependent on? 2
|
Mother's osmotic and hydrostatic forces; fetal urine
|
|
|
Reabsorption is dependent on?
|
Fetus swallowing, absorption in GI, xs passed to maternal blood
|
|
|
Oligohydramnios is associated with? 4
|
Renal agenesis, Potter's syndrome, hypoplastic lungs, premature breaking water
|
|
|
Polyhydramnios is associated with? 4
|
Anencephaly, tracheoesophageal fistual, esophageal atresia, maternal DM
|
|
|
aFP is produced by?
|
Fetal liver
|
|
|
When should it be assayed?
|
Weeks 14-18
|
|
|
Eleveated aFP is associated with? 4
|
neural tube defects, omphalocele, esophageal and duodenal atresia
|
|
|
Reduced aFP is associated with? 1
|
Down syndrome
|
|
|
Premature rupture of amniochorionic membrane is the most common cause of? 2
|
Premature labor, oligohydramnios
|
|
|
Patho of amniotic band syndrome?
|
Amniotic membrane constricted part of fetus
|
|
|
Complications? 2
|
Limb amputations; craniofacial anomalies
|
|
|
The primitive umbilical ring contains? 3
|
yolk sac (vitelline duct), connecting stalk, allantois
|
|
|
It develops in the fetus to?
|
Umbilical cord
|
|
|
What else does it contain at term?
|
R & L umbilical arteries, L umbilical veins, Wharton's jelly (CT)
|
|
|
It degenerates to?
|
Median umbilical ligament
|
|
|
Presence of one umbilical artery suggests?
|
CV abnormalities
|
|
|
Light gray sac on umbilicus suggests?
|
Omphalocele
|
|
|
Meconium discharge suggests?
|
Vitelline fistula
|
|
|
Urine discharge suggests?
|
Urachal fistula
|
|
|
2 locations of de novo vasculogenesis?
|
Extraembryonic & intraembryonic mesoderm
|
|
|
Extraembryonic mesoderm in connecting stalk forms
|
umbilical vessels
|
|
|
Extraembryonic mesoderm in secondary villi forms
|
tertiary chorionic villi
|
|
|
Embryonic form of Hb during yolk sac period is
|
z2e2
|
|
|
During liver period, form of Hb is
|
a2g2
|
|
|
during bone marrow period, form of hb is
|
a2b2
|
|
|
Relation to hydrops fetalis?
|
a-thalassemia
|
|
|
Sx? 4
|
severe pallor, generalized edema, massive HSM; intrauterine fetal death
|
|
|
Sx of Cooley anemia
|
Severe, transfusion-dependent anemia
|
|
|
Rx that incr fetal Hb?
|
Hydroxyurea
|
|
|
Fetal circulation route? 2 circ
|
LUV -> DV -> IVC -> RA -> DA -> LA/LV -> Aorta -> Inf aorta -> LUA & RUA; RA -> RV -> PA -> Aorta
|
|
|
Adult remnant of LUV?
|
ligamentum teres
|
|
|
Adult remnant of LUA & RUA?
|
Medial umbilical ligaments
|
|
|
Adult remnant of DV?
|
Ligamentum venosum
|
|
|
Adult remnant of DA?
|
Ligamentum arteriosum
|
|
|
Adult remnant of foramen ovale?
|
Fossa ovale
|
|
|
2 changes that cause closure?
|
Dec RAP from placental circ occlusion; Incr LAP from incr PV return
|
|
|
Ch. 16 - Body cavities
|
125
|
|
|
intraembryonic coelom formed by
|
Spaces in lateral mesoder form horseshoe space on R & L
|
|
|
Remolded due to? 2
|
Craniocaudal folding; lateral folding
|
|
|
Purpose?
|
Provide needed room for organ growth
|
|
|
Paired pleuropericardial membrane arises from?
|
sheets of somatic mesoderm
|
|
|
Separates?
|
Pericardial & pleural cavity
|
|
|
Develops into?
|
fibrous pericardium
|
|
|
4 sources of diaphragm?
|
Septum transversum; pleuropericardial membrane; dorsal mesentary of esophagus; body wall
|
|
|
Descent of diaphragm to?
|
L1
|
|
|
Due to?
|
Growth of neural tube
|
|
|
What is carried with it?
|
Phrenic nerve - C3, 4, 5
|
|
|
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia patho?
|
Failure of pleuroperitoneal membrane to fuse
|
|
|
Commonly found where?
|
L posterolateral side
|
|
|
Complication?
|
Pulm hypoplasia
|
|
|
Detected prenatally by?
|
US
|
|
|
Esophageal hiatal hernia patho?
|
Stomach herniates thru esophageal hiatus
|
|
|
Complications?
|
Sphincter incompetent -> reflux
|
|
|
Sx?
|
Projectile vomitting when laid on back or after feeding
|
|
|
Ch. 17 Pregnancy
|
128
|
|
|
Weeks 1-6, hCG incr by?
|
70% per 48 hrs
|
|
|
Formed by?
|
syncytiotrophoblast
|
|
|
Detected in blood at?
|
Day 8
|
|
|
Detected in urine at?
|
Day 10
|
|
|
Elevated in? 3
|
Multiple preg, hydatidiform mole, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
|
|
|
Reduced in? 2
|
Spont abortion, ectopic preg
|
|
|
hPL produced by?
|
Placenta
|
|
|
Detected in blood at?
|
Week 6
|
|
|
3 sources of PRL
|
maternal pituitary, fetal pituitary, uterine decidua
|
|
|
Can be assayed from?
|
Blood, amniotic fluid
|
|
|
PG produced by? 2
|
Corpus luteum, placenta
|
|
|
2 uses in mother
|
Prep for implant; maintain endometrium
|
|
|
3 uses in child
|
corticoid synth, minerlo synth, testosterone synth
|
|
|
Steps in estrogen synth in mother? 2
|
liver: chol -> pregnenolone -> sulfate
|
|
|
Steps in estrogen synth in child? 2
|
Adrenal: Preg sulfate -> DHEA SO4; Liver: DHEA-SO4 -> 16a-OH DHEA SO4
|
|
|
Steps in estrogen synth in placenta? 3
|
DHEA SO4 -> estrone, estradiol; 16a-OH DHEA SO4 -> estriol
|
|
|
Which estrogen is most potent?
|
estradiol
|
|
|
Which estrogen is best indicator of fetal-placental fxn?
|
estriol
|
|
|
Norm pregnacy is how long? 2
|
280 d (40 wk) from LMP
|
|
|
Naegele's rule for EDD?
|
EDD = LMP - 3 months + 1 yr + 7 d
|
|
|
Length of 1st trimester?
|
LMP -> week 12
|
|
|
Uterine fundus palpable at? Where?
|
Week 12; Pubic symphysis
|
|
|
Length of 2nd trimester?
|
Week 13-Week27
|
|
|
Amniocentesis performed?
|
Week 14-18
|
|
|
Week 16, uterine fundus palpable at?
|
B/t symphysis & umbilicus
|
|
|
Frist fetal movements occur?
|
Week 16-18 (mulitparity), 18-20 (nulliparity)
|
|
|
Sex determination at?
|
Week 18
|
|
|
Week 20, uterine fundus palpable at?
|
Umbilicus
|
|
|
Respiration capable at?
|
Weeks 25-27
|
|
|
Length of 3rd trimester?
|
Week 28-40
|
|
|
Descent of fetal head to pelvic inlet is called?
|
Lightening
|
|
|
Norm birth way
|
7-7.5 lb
|
|
|
Anechoic tissues include? 4
|
bladder, brain, cavities, amnioti fluid
|
|
|
Amniotic sample tests? 4
|
aFP assay, bili assay, L/S ratio, DNA analysis
|
|
|
Norm fetal HR
|
120-160
|
|
|
Norm fetal pH
|
7.25-7.35
|
|
|
APGAR mnemonic?
|
Appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, resp effort
|
|
|
Taken at?
|
1, 5 min
|
|
|
Puerperium lasts?
|
Delivery -> 4-6 s/p
|
|
|
4 events during puerperium?
|
uterus involution, after pain, lochia, ovulation (2-4 nonlacting, 10 wk lactating)
|
|
|
Ch. 18 - teratology
|
134
|
|
|
All or nothing period?
|
Week 1
|
|
|
Max susceptiblity pd?
|
Weeks 3-8
|
|
|
Viruses reach fetus by? 3
|
amniotic fluid (vag inf), transplacental (maternal viremia), direct contact during birth
|
|
|
Rubella transmitted by?
|
Transplacental
|
|
|
Risk inf greatest during
|
1st month
|
|
|
Triad?
|
Cardiac defects, cataracts, low BW
|
|
|
Fx on skin?
|
Blueberry muffin
|
|
|
Fx on bones?
|
Celery-stalk appearance on long bones
|
|
|
Fx on ears?
|
Sensori-neural deafness
|
|
|
Most common fetal inf?
|
CMV
|
|
|
Transmitted by?
|
Transplacental
|
|
|
Result of birth or breast milk transmission?
|
No apparent dz
|
|
|
Most common manifestation?
|
Sensori-neural deafness
|
|
|
Most serious manifestation?
|
Cytomegalic inclusion dz
|
|
|
Also causes?
|
Blueberry muffin, celery-stalk long bones
|
|
|
Most common fetal inf by birth?
|
HSV-2
|
|
|
At day 10-11, show fx on? 3
|
Skin, eye, mouth
|
|
|
At day 15-17, show fxn on?
|
CNS
|
|
|
Disseminated dz presents?
|
Day 9-11
|
|
|
Fetal varicella syndrome only develops
|
First trimester
|
|
|
classic sign
|
Dermatomal skin lesion
|
|
|
Most dangerous complications of toxoplasma?
|
Miscarriage, death
|
|
|
Most important determinant of risk to fetus is
|
Maternal stage of syphilis
|
|
|
Also causes?
|
Celery-stalk appearance on long bones
|
|
|
Fx on teeth?
|
Hutchinson
|
|
|
What is Wimberger sign?
|
Proximal medial tibia erosions
|
|
|
Fx on skin?
|
Maculopapular rash on palm & sole; pink -> copper -> desquamate
|
|
|
Category X folate antagonists? 2
|
aminopterin, MTX
|
|
|
Fx on fetus?
|
small stature, cranial ossificatin, myelomeningocele
|
|
|
Category X alkylating agents? 3
|
busulfan, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide
|
|
|
Fx?
|
Hydronephrosis, renal agenesis, absent toes
|
|
|
Category X antiepileptic?
|
Phenytoin
|
|
|
Fx?
|
Fetal hydantoin syndrome: growth retardation, MR, microcephaly, craniofacial defects, nail/digit hypoplasia
|
|
|
Category X hypnotics? 2
|
Triazolam, estazolam
|
|
|
Fx?
|
Cleft lip/palate, esp 1st trimester
|
|
|
Category X anticoag? 1
|
warfarin
|
|
|
Fx?
|
Stipples epiphysis, MR, fetal hemorrhage
|
|
|
Category X acne Tx? 1
|
Vit A
|
|
|
Fx?
|
Vit A embryopathy
|
|
|
Category X Estrogens 1
|
DES
|
|
|
Fx?
|
cervical hood, T-shaped uterus
|
|
|
Category X Progestens 3
|
Ethisterone, norethisterone, megestrol
|
|
|
Fx?
|
Genital fx
|
|
|
Category X contraceptives 3
|
Ovcon, Levlen, norinyl
|
|
|
Fx?
|
VACTERL
|
|
|
Cigarette smoke's category X compounds? 3
|
Nicotine, HCN, CO
|
|
|
Fx?
|
low BW, fetal hypoxia, premature
|
|
|
Fx of ethanol?
|
Fetal alcohol syndrome: leading cause of MR
|
|
|
Category D Abx 2
|
tetracyclines, aminoglycosides
|
|
|
Fx?
|
enamel hypoplasia & CN VIII toxicity, respectively
|
|
|
Category D sedatives 2
|
Phenobarbital, pentobarbital
|
|
|
Category D anti-epileptics? 5
|
Valproic acid, diazepam, chlordiazepoxida, alprazolam, lorazepam
|
|
|
Lithium is associate with?
|
CV defects
|
|
|
8 chemical agents to avoid?
|
Hg, pb, PCB, bisphenol A, vinyl, PFOA, -icides, PI
|
|
|
Recreational drugs not shown to be teratogenic? 4
|
LSD, marijuana, caffeine, heroin
|
|
|
Fetal defects from radiations require what levels?
|
> 25 rads
|
|
|
Cardiovascular system
|
32
|
|
|
How is the pericardial cavity formed?
|
Lateral plate mesoderm splitting into somatic and splanchnic layer
|
|
|
Heart-forming regions are derived from which layer?
|
Splanchnic
|
|
|
What secretes VEGF, inducing the formation of endocardial tube (endocardium)?
|
Foregut endoderm
|
|
|
What is cardiac jelly?
|
ECM proteins secreted by myocardium
|
|
|
What makes up epicardium?
|
Mesoderm migrating from coelomic wall
|
|
|
Name the 5 dilations of the heart tube in cephalo-caudal direction
|
Truncus arteriosus (TA), Bulbus cordis (BC), Primitive ventricle (PV), Primitive atrium (PA), Sinus venosus (SV)
|
|
|
Which are part of the venous system?
|
PA, SV
|
|
|
Which are part of the arterial system?
|
TA, BC, PV
|
|
|
What does the TA become?
|
Aorta, pulm trunk
|
|
|
What does the BC become?
|
Smooth part of RV, LV
|
|
|
What does the PV become?
|
Trabeculated part of RV, LV
|
|
|
What does the PA become?
|
Trabeculated part of RA, LA
|
|
|
What does the SV become?
|
Smooth part of RA, coronary sinus, oblique vein
|
|
|
What makes up the smooth part of the LA?
|
Parts of pulm vein
|
|
|
Migration of neural crest cells in AP septum formation? 3
|
Hindbrain -> pharyngeal arches 3, 4, 6 -> truncal & bulbar ridges
|
|
|
What does this encourage?
|
Spiral twisting
|
|
|
If migration is abnormal, what develops?
|
TA persistance
|
|
|
What is the pathophysio result?
|
One vessel receives blood from both ventricles; R-L shunting
|
|
|
What often accompanies it?
|
VSD
|
|
|
How does it present?
|
Marked cyanosis, RV hypertrophy
|
|
|
What if there is no spiraling?
|
Transposition of great arteries
|
|
|
What 2 circulations become completely separate?
|
Pulmonary and systemic
|
|
|
What defect is needed for viability? 3
|
VSD, patent foramen ovale, OR PDA
|
|
|
How does it present?
|
Marked cyanosis, RV hypertrophy
|
|
|
What if there is skewed migration?
|
Tetralogy of Fallot
|
|
|
What does PROV stand for?
|
Pulm stenosis, RV hypertrophy, Overriding aorta, VSD
|
|
|
How does it present?
|
Marked cyanosis, RV hypertrophy
|
|
|
5 steps in the formation of atrial septum?
|
septum primum grows down -> foramen primum (down) -> foramen secundum to the R -> septum secundum grows down -> foramen ovale in septum secundum
|
|
|
Purpose of foramen ovale?
|
Shunt blood RA -> LA
|
|
|
What closes the foramen ovale during birth? 2
|
Dec RAP (placental occulation); Incr LAP (incr pulm venous return)
|
|
|
Do these septums fuse at birth?
|
No, later in life
|
|
|
Auscultation of ASD 2
|
Loud S1; fixes, split S2
|
|
|
What shunt develops?
|
L -> R
|
|
|
2 causes of ASD
|
Foramen secundum defect; common atrium
|
|
|
What's the difference?
|
Defect is by excessive resorption; Common by complete failure of septums to develop
|
|
|
Which is better tolerated?
|
Foramen secundum defect
|
|
|
Signs of premature closure of foramen ovale?
|
R side hypertrophy; L side hypotrophy
|
|
|
AV septum formed by?
|
Dorsal & ventral AV cushions approach and fuse
|
|
|
What does this form? 2
|
R AV canal & L AV canal
|
|
|
If there isn't complete fusion, what results
|
Persistant common AV canal; hole in center of heart
|
|
|
Which 2 valves are now represented as 1 valve?
|
Tricuspid & mitral
|
|
|
2 hemodynamic fx?
|
L->R shunting; MV regurg
|
|
|
Which chambers are hypertrophied?
|
ALL FOUR
|
|
|
What is Ebstein's anomaly?
|
TV leaflets attach too inferiorly (deep into RV)
|
|
|
What does this form? 2
|
An "atrialized" upper portion of RV and functioning smaller lower portion
|
|
|
What is it usually associated with?
|
ASD
|
|
|
How does it present?
|
RA hypertrophy
|
|
|
If the AV septum does not fuse with septum primum, what persists?
|
Foramen primum
|
|
|
How does it present?
|
MV defect of ant leaflet
|
|
|
What is tricuspid atresia?
|
Lack of AV cushion causes agenesis of TV
|
|
|
How does it present? 5
|
Marked cyanosis, RV HYPOtrophy, LV HYPERtrophy, patent foramen ovale, IVSD
|
|
|
Sign on radiograph?
|
Convex L contour
|
|
|
Which direction does the IV septum grow?
|
From midline floor of RV to AV cushions
|
|
|
What 3 contributions are made to close the IV septum?
|
R bulbar ridge, L bulbar ridge, AV cushions
|
|
|
If these doen't fuse, what forms?
|
Membranous VSD
|
|
|
3 signs?
|
L->R shunting; incr pulm blood flow (large PA), pulm HTN
|
|
|
Main complaint of L->R shunting?
|
Xs fatigue on exertion
|
|
|
What is Eisenmenger syndrome?
|
Uncorrected VSD, ASD, or PDA causes L->R shunting to switch to R->L shunting
|
|
|
A muscular VSD is a defect in?
|
Muscular IV septum
|
|
|
Common ventricle forms when
|
Muscular & membranous IV septum do not form
|
|
|
Head & Neck arterial pattern develop from?
|
6 aortic arches (in the pharyngeal arches)
|
|
|
Which arch forms the carotid arteries?
|
3rd arch
|
|
|
A defect in the aortic arch and R subclavian implicates which arch?
|
4th arch
|
|
|
Which arch forms the pulm arteries?
|
5th arch
|
|
|
Rest of body arterial pattern develop from
|
R & L dorsal aortae
|
|
|
Postductal coarctation is found? 2
|
Distal to L subclavian; inferior to DA
|
|
|
3 signs?
|
High BP in upper ext; lack of femoral pulse; rib notching
|
|
|
What syndrome is associated with a PREductal coarctation?
|
Turner syndrome
|
|
|
What infection should be considered with PDA?
|
Rubella
|
|
|
Ch. 11 Resp system
|
83
|
|
|
Resp diverticulum appear in ventral foregut at what week
|
week 4
|
|
|
distal endof diverticulum enlarges to form
|
lung bud
|
|
|
resp diverticulum separated from foregut by
|
tracheoesophageal folds (mesoderm)
|
|
|
tracheoesophageal folds fuse midline to form
|
tracheoesophageal septum
|
|
|
Improper division of tracheoesophageal septum results in 2
|
esophageal atresia, polyhydramnios
|
|
|
Gagging and cyanosis after swallowing milk
|
esophageal atresia
|
|
|
2 clinical signs of esophageal atresia
|
inability to pass cath into stomach; air in stomach on radiograph
|
|
|
bronchi begin to form at week
|
week 5
|
|
|
patho of congenital lobar emphysema
|
bronchial cartilage fail to form -> collapsed bronchi -> overdistention of lobe
|
|
|
patho of congenital bronchogenic cysts
|
fluid-filled cysts in bronchi can become infected or air-filled
|
|
|
pseudoglandular pd
|
week 7-16
|
|
|
canalicular pd
|
week 16-24
|
|
|
terminal sac pd
|
week 24-birth
|
|
|
alveolar pd
|
birth - 8 yrs
|
|
|
capillary network begins to form
|
canalicular pd
|
|
|
ducts have simple columnar epithelium
|
pseudoglandular pd
|
|
|
ducts have simple cuboidal epithelium
|
canalicular pd
|
|
|
inc lung size due to inc # resp bronchioles
|
alveolar pd
|
|
|
lung development up to respiratory bronchioles
|
canalicular pd
|
|
|
lung development up to terminal bronchioles
|
pseudoglandular pd
|
|
|
terminal sacs separated by primary septae
|
terminal sac pd
|
|
|
terminal sacs separated by secondary septae
|
alveolar pd
|
|
|
type 1 & 2 pneumocytes are present
|
terminal sac pd
|
|
|
is unilateral pulmonary agenesis compatible with life
|
yes
|
|
|
Lung liquid eliminated at birth by 2
|
reduction in liq secretion by type 2 pneumocyte; resorption by pulm cap & lymphatics
|
|
|
3 associations with pulm hypoplasia
|
congenital heart defects, diaphragmatic hernia, b/l renal agenesis
|
|
|
RDS is prevalent in which population of infants 4
|
premature, DM mother, fetal asphyxia, multiple birth
|
|
|
patho of germinal matrix hemorrhage
|
premature infant can't autoregulate cerebral BP -> hemorrhage -> palsy, MR, seizures
|
|
|
Ch. 7 - digestive sys
|
43
|
|
|
primitive gut tube derived from
|
incorporation of yolk sac during folding
|
|
|
foregut consists of
|
esophagus-upper duodenum, liver, GB, panc
|
|
|
midgut consists of
|
lower duo-prox 2/3 transverse colon
|
|
|
hindgut consists of
|
distal 1/3 transverse colon-upper anal canal
|
|
|
esophageal atresia when tracheoesophageal septum deviates too far
|
distally
|
|
|
achalasia is due to loss of
|
ganglion cells in myenteric plexus
|
|
|
primitive stomach rotates
|
90o clockwise
|
|
|
Result of gastric rotation on mesentary
|
dorsal mesentary carried L -> greater omentum;
|
|
|
result of gastric rotation on L vagus
|
innervates ventral stomach
|
|
|
result of gastric rotation on R vagus
|
innervates dorsal stomach
|
|
|
projectile nonbilious vomit after feeding w/ small palpable mass
|
hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
|
|
|
hepatic sinusoids are formed by
|
hepatic cords (endoderm) arranging around septum transversum (mesoderm)
|
|
|
liver bulging into abdominal cavity forms
|
ventral mesentery (falciform ligament, lesser omentum)
|
|
|
ligamentum teres is a remnant of
|
L umbilical vein
|
|
|
hepatoduodenal ligament contains
|
portal triad: bile duct, portal vein, hepatic artery
|
|
|
GB grows out of
|
bile duct
|
|
|
intrahepatic GB occurs when
|
GB goes beyond hepatic diverticulum -> buried in liver
|
|
|
floating GB occurs when
|
GB lags behind hepatic diverticulum -> suspended from liver by mesentery
|
|
|
floating GB is at risk for
|
torsion
|
|
|
biliary atresia is the obliteration of
|
extrahepatic and/or intrahepatic ducts
|
|
|
prognosis of biliary atresia
|
12-19m; 100% mortality
|
|
|
Signs of biliary atresia 3
|
neonatal jaundice, white/clay-colored stool, dark urine
|
|
|
both panc buds are outgrowths of
|
foregut directly
|
|
|
endodermal tubules surrounded by mesoderm branch repeatedly to form
|
exocrine panc
|
|
|
endodermal clumps accumulating in the mesoderm form
|
endocrine panc
|
|
|
fusion of panc buds is due to
|
90o clockwise rotation of duodenum
|
|
|
ventral bud forms
|
head of panc
|
|
|
dorsal bud forms
|
head, body, tail
|
|
|
pancreas divisum is when
|
dorsal and ventral panc duct fail to anastomase
|
|
|
complication assoc w/ divisum
|
more prone to pancreatitis
|
|
|
double bubble sign
|
annular panc causes dilatino of stomach and dudodenum
|
|
|
midgut loop rotates how
|
270o counterclockwise
|
|
|
cranial limb of midgut loop forms
|
jejunum-upper ileum
|
|
|
caudal limb of midgut loop forms
|
lower ileum-transverse colon
|
|
|
omphacele occurs when
|
abdominal conents thru umbilical ring remain outside body
|
|
|
gastrochisis occur when
|
defect in ventral abdominal wall -> intestines exposed to amniotic fluid
|
|
|
Meckel diverticulum is a remnant of
|
vitelline duct
|
|
|
nonrotation of midgut rotates how much
|
90o counterclockwise
|
|
|
malrotation of midgut rotates how much
|
minimally
|
|
|
reverse rotation rotates how much
|
270o clockwise
|
|
|
where is the cecum in nonrotation?
|
LUQ
|
|
|
where is the cecum in malrotation?
|
subpyloric or subhepatic
|
|
|
complication assoc w/ malrotation
|
volvulus
|
|
|
where is the colon in reverse rotation?
|
posterior to duodenum
|
|
|
complication of intrauterine ischemic event
|
intestinal atresia/stenosis
|
|
|
intussusception is
|
invagination of segment of bowel into adj segment -> obstruction/ischemia
|
|
|
3 sites of appendix
|
medial to cecum, retrocecal, retrocolic
|
|
|
cloaca partitioned by? To form?
|
Urorectal septum; rectum/upepr anal canal & urogenital sinus
|
|
|
failure of internal anal sphincter to relax following rectal distention
|
Hirschsprung's dz
|
|
|
meconium in urine suggests 2
|
rectovesical or rectourethral fistula
|
|
|
meconium in the vagina suggests
|
rectovaginal fistula
|
|
|
lower anal canal develops from
|
proctoderm (surface ectoderm invagination)
|
|
|
imperforate anus occurs when
|
anal membrane not perforate; layer of tissue separates anal canal from exterior
|
|
|
anal agenesis occurs when
|
anal canal ends as blind sac below puborectalis muscle; usu w/ fistula
|
|
|
anorectal agenesis occurs when
|
rectum ends as blind sac above puborectalis muscle; usu w/ fistula
|
|
|
most common type of anorectal malformation
|
anorectal agenesis
|
|
|
rectal atresia occur when
|
rectum & anal canal are present but unconnected
|
|
|
Ch. 8 - urinary sys
|
58
|
|
|
urinary sys arise from which mesoderm
|
intermediate mesoderm
|
|
|
pronephros forms 2
|
pronephric tubules, pronephric duct
|
|
|
most cranial nephritic structure
|
pronephros
|
|
|
pronephros regress completely by
|
week 5
|
|
|
mesonephros forms 2
|
mesonephric tubukles, Wolffian duct
|
|
|
is mesonephros function
|
for only short period
|
|
|
metanephros made from 2
|
ureteric bud from mesonephric duct + metanephric mesoderm
|
|
|
most caudal nephritic structure
|
metanephros
|
|
|
metanephros begins to form at which week
|
week 5
|
|
|
repeated branching of ureteric bud forms 5
|
ureters, renal pelvis, major & minor calcyces, collecting ducts
|
|
|
what induces nephron development
|
collecting duct induces metanephric mesoderm
|
|
|
metaphrenic vesicles form
|
S-shaped renal tubules
|
|
|
S-shaped renal tubules differeniate into 5
|
connecting tubule, DCT, loop of Henle, PCT, Bowman's capsule
|
|
|
fetal metanephros starts & ends?
|
starts S1-S2; ends T12-L3
|
|
|
change in location of metanephros b/c
|
disproportionate growth of embryo caudally
|
|
|
kidney rorate how?
|
90o (hilum ventral->medial)
|
|
|
blood supply to kidneys vary how?
|
progresses higher until L2
|
|
|
arteries persisting that formed during kidney ascent
|
supernumerary arteries
|
|
|
damage to supernumerary arteries results in
|
kidney parenchyma necrosis b/c end arteries
|
|
|
bladder form from
|
upper part of urogenital sinus (ctn w/ allantois)
|
|
|
allantois becomes
|
fibrous urachus
|
|
|
in adult allantois becomes
|
median umbilial ligament
|
|
|
trigone of bladder formed by
|
lower ends of mesonephric ducts
|
|
|
u/l renal agenesis more common in
|
M > F
|
|
|
b/l renal agenesis result in
|
Potter's syndrome; oligohydramnios w/ fetal compression
|
|
|
renal ectopia patho
|
one/both kidney fail to ascend -> remain in pelvis
|
|
|
pancake kidney is
|
fusion of 2 pelvic kidney
|
|
|
horseshoe kidney get caught behind which artery
|
inf mesenteric
|
|
|
hilum in horseshoe kidney face
|
ventrally
|
|
|
complications of horseshoe kidney 3
|
impinged ureters -> obstruction, recurrent UTI, pyelonephritis
|
|
|
most common congenital obstruction of urinary tract
|
ureteropelvic jxn
|
|
|
UPJ is
|
obstruction to urine flwo from renal pelvis to prox ureter
|
|
|
congenital multidysplastic kidney
|
multiple cysts are actually dilated calyces
|
|
|
ARPKD genetics?
|
auto R; chr p6
|
|
|
ARPKD assoc w/ cysts also where 3
|
liver, panc, lungs
|
|
|
most common renal malig of childhood
|
Wilm's tumor
|
|
|
wilm's tumor genetics
|
usu deletion of WT1 gene on chr 11 (tumor suppressor)
|
|
|
wilm's tumor histo phases 3
|
stromal, blastemal area of tightly packed embryonic cells, tubular area
|
|
|
WAGR complex
|
Wilm's tumor, aniridia, genitourinary malformation, mental retardation
|
|
|
ureteropelvic duplication occur when
|
ureteric bud prematurely divides before penetrating metanephric blastema
|
|
|
duplex kidney is
|
2 ureters draining one kidney
|
|
|
abnormal ureter in duplex kidney usu open where
|
ectopic opening in bladder
|
|
|
urine drainage from umbilicus
|
urachal fistula b/t bladder and umbilicus
|
|
|
Ch. 9 - Female repro sys
|
66
|
|
|
when phenotypic sex differentiation begin?
|
week 7
|
|
|
external genitalia recognized by
|
week 12
|
|
|
phenotypic sex differentiation complete by
|
week 20
|
|
|
Sry gene codes for
|
testes-determining factor
|
|
|
what other 2 factors needed for male differentiation?
|
testosterone (Leydig), Mullerian inh factor (Sertoli)
|
|
|
primary sex cords form from
|
gonadal ridge (urogenital ridge)
|
|
|
primary sex cords become
|
rete ovarii (degenerate)
|
|
|
secondary sex cords incorporate
|
primordial germ cells (migrate from yolk sac)
|
|
|
secondary sex cords break apart to form
|
primordial follicules (contain primary oocyte)
|
|
|
relative descent of ovaries due to
|
disproportionate growth of embryo caudally
|
|
|
gubernaculm is
|
band of fibrous tissue along post wall
|
|
|
gubernaculm residual structure 2
|
round ligament, ovarian ligament
|
|
|
uterine tubes form from
|
cranial portions of paramesonephric duct
|
|
|
broad ligament formed by
|
midline fusion of caudal paramesonephric duct
|
|
|
uterovaginal primordium devleop into 3
|
uterus, cervix, sup 1/3 vagina
|
|
|
inf 2/3 vagina formed by
|
paramesonephric induce dorsal wall of cloaca to form sinovaginal bulb -> vaginal plate -> canalization
|
|
|
vestigial remnants of paramesophric duct are
|
hydatid of Morgagni
|
|
|
mesonephric ducts in female destination
|
degeneration
|
|
|
vestigial remnants of mesophric duct are 2
|
appendix vesiculosa, Gartner's duct
|
|
|
vestigial remnants of mesonephric tubules are 2
|
epoophoron and paroophoron
|
|
|
ectodermal rising stim by
|
proliferating mesoderm around cloacal membrane
|
|
|
3 ectodermal risings
|
phallus, urogenital folds, labioscrotal swellings
|
|
|
phallus forms 3
|
glans clitoris, corpora cavernosa, vestibular bulbs
|
|
|
urogenital folds form 1
|
labia minora
|
|
|
labioscrotal swellings form 2
|
labia majora, mons pubis
|
|
|
class 1 uterine anomaly caused by
|
mullerian hypoplasia or agenesis
|
|
|
4 complications mullerian hypoplasia/agenesis
|
lower vagina agenesis, cervix agenesis, uterus & cervix hypoplasia, uterine tube agenesis
|
|
|
class 2 uterine anomaly caused by
|
mesonephric duct hypoplasia/agenesis
|
|
|
4 complications mesonephric hypoplasia/agenesis
|
unicornuate uterus w/ communicating horn, unicornuate uterus w/ noncommunicating horn, unicornuate uterus w/ horn of no cavity, unicornuate uterus
|
|
|
class 3 uterine anomaly caused by
|
complete lack of fusion of paramesonephric ducts
|
|
|
2 complications of class 3 uterine anomaly
|
didelphys w/ norm or septated vagina
|
|
|
class 4 uterine anomaly caused by
|
partial fusion of paramesonephric ducts
|
|
|
2 complications of class 4 uterine anomaly
|
bicornuate uterus w/ complete or partial division
|
|
|
class 5 uterine anomaly caused by
|
failed resorbtion of caudal paramesonephric duct
|
|
|
2 complications of class 5 uterine anomaly
|
septate uterus w/ complete or partial septum
|
|
|
DES-assoc uterin anomaly
|
T-shaped uterus
|
|
|
Ch. 10 - male reproductive sys
|
73
|
|
|
primary sex cords in male become
|
seminiferous cords, tubuli recti, rete tetes
|
|
|
seminiferous cords contain
|
primordial germ cells, Sertoli cells
|
|
|
mesoderm b/t seminiferous cords give rise to
|
Leydig cells
|
|
|
seminiferous cords obtain lumen when?
|
puberty
|
|
|
relative descent of testes due to
|
disproportionate growth of embryo caudally
|
|
|
gubernaculm in male serves to
|
anchor testes w/in scrotum
|
|
|
peritoneal evagination around gubernculum forms
|
process vaginalis -> tunica vaginalis
|
|
|
MIF causes regression of
|
paramesonephric ducts & uterovaginal primordium
|
|
|
mesonephric ducts in male become 4
|
epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct
|
|
|
phallus forms 3
|
glans penis, corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum
|
|
|
urogenital folds form 1
|
ventral penis (raphe)
|
|
|
labioscrotal swellings form 1
|
scrotum
|
|
|
hypospadius occur when
|
urethral folds don’t fuse complete
|
|
|
hypospadius penis curves
|
ventrally
|
|
|
epispadias occurs when
|
external urethrial orifice opens onto dorsal penis
|
|
|
epispadias assoc w/
|
exstrophy of bladder
|
|
|
large patency of processus vaginalis causes
|
congenital inguinal hernia
|
|
|
true intersexuality characteristics 3
|
ovotestes, ambiguous gentitalia, XX
|
|
|
congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by which def 2
|
21-hydroxylase or 11b-hydroxylase
|
|
|
patho of CAH
|
virtually no synth cortisol & aldosterone -> shunt to androgens
|
|
|
male pseudointersexuality caused by which def 3
|
5a reductase or 17 b HSD def
|
|
|
Ch. 12 - Head & neck
|
90
|
|
|
4 parts of pharyngeal apparatus
|
arches, pouches, grooves, membranes
|
|
|
pharyngeal arches made of 3
|
mesoderm & neural crest cells; cranial nerve
|
|
|
mesoderm in pharyngeal arch differentiate into 2
|
muscles, arteries
|
|
|
neural crest cells in pharyngeal arches differentiate into 2
|
bone, CT
|
|
|
pharyngeal pouches made of
|
endoderm
|
|
|
pharyngeal pouches become
|
lines foregut
|
|
|
pharyngeal grooves made of
|
ectoderm
|
|
|
pharyngeal grooves located
|
b/t pharyngeal pouches
|
|
|
what forms thyroid diverticulum
|
endodermal linign of foregut
|
|
|
thyroid diverticulum migration 3
|
caudal; pass ventral to hyoid; ventral to laryngeal cartilages
|
|
|
thyroid remains connected to tongue by
|
thyroglossal duct
|
|
|
adult remnant of thyroglossal duct
|
foramen cecum
|
|
|
oral tongue (ant 2/3) formed by2
|
pharyngeal arch 1: median & distal tongue buds
|
|
|
sensation of tongue mucosa by
|
lingual branch of CN 5
|
|
|
taste of tongue carred by
|
chorda tympani branch of CN 7
|
|
|
post tongue formed by 2
|
pharyngeal arches 2-4: copula & hypobranchial eminence
|
|
|
what prevents arch 2 from contributing to tongue
|
hypobranchial eminence overgrows copula
|
|
|
fusion of oral & pharyngeal parts of tongue indicated by
|
terminal suclcus
|
|
|
sensation & taste of post tongue mucosa by
|
CN 9
|
|
|
majority of motor innervation of tongue by
|
CN 12
|
|
|
tongue muscle not innervated by CN 12
|
palatoglossus (CN 10)
|
|
|
3 swellings that make face
|
frontonasal, maxillary, mandibular prominence
|
|
|
CN nerve assoc w/ arch 1
|
CN 5
|
|
|
CN nerve assoc w/ arch 2
|
CN 7
|
|
|
CN nerve assoc w/ arch 3
|
CN 9
|
|
|
CN nerve assoc w/ arch 4
|
CN 10 (sup laryngeal)
|
|
|
CN nerve assoc w/ arch 6
|
CN 10 (recurrent laryngeal)
|
|
|
which pouch forms thymus
|
pouch 3
|
|
|
which pouch forms inf parathyroid
|
pouch 3
|
|
|
which pouch forms sup parathyroid
|
pouch 4
|
|
|
tympanic membrane made from
|
1st pharyngeal membrane
|
|
|
Treacher Collins syndrome 4
|
underdeveloped zygomatic bones, mandibular hypoplasia, lower eyelid colobomas, malformed ears
|
|
|
treacher Collins syndrome patho
|
pharyngeal arch 1 migration
|
|
|
persistant pharyngeal pouch 2 found on
|
ant border SCM
|
|
|
persistant pharyngeal grooves 2-4 form cyst at
|
angle of mandible
|
|
|
thyroglossal duct persistance found at
|
midline hyoid, bast of tongue
|
|
|
cleft lip formed by
|
maxillary prominence does not fuse w/ medial nasal prominence
|
|
|
ant cleft palate formed when
|
palatine shelves don't fuse w/ primary palate
|
|
|
post cleft palate formed when
|
palatine shelves don't fuse w/ each other & nasal septum
|
|
|
DiGeorge syndrome occur w/ failed differentiation of
|
3rd & 4th pharyngeal pouches
|
|
|
Ch. 13 - Nervous system
|
100
|
|
|
neural plate formed by
|
notochord induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate
|
|
|
neural plate folds become
|
neural tube
|
|
|
failure of ant neuropore to fuse causes
|
ancephaly
|
|
|
failure of post neuropore to fuse causes
|
spina bifida
|
|
|
neural crest cells are located
|
along both sides of neural tube
|
|
|
rostral neural tube becomes
|
brain
|
|
|
caudal neural tube becomes
|
SC
|
|
|
lumen of neural tube becomes
|
ventricular sys, central canal
|
|
|
NF-1 patho
|
chr 17q11 code neurofibromin -> downreg p21 ras -> multiple neurofibromas
|
|
|
CHARGE is problem with
|
neural crest distribution
|
|
|
CHARGE stands for
|
coloboma, heart defecs, atresia choane, retarded growth, genital abnormailities, ear abnormalities
|
|
|
Waardenburg genetics
|
auto dom; PAX3 mutation on chr 2
|
|
|
primary brain vesicles
|
prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
|
|
|
prosecephalon becomes 2
|
telecephalon, diencephalon
|
|
|
rhombencephalon becomes 2
|
metencephalon, mylencephalon
|
|
|
mylencephalon becomes
|
medulla
|
|
|
metencephalon becomes 2
|
pons, cerebellum
|
|
|
mesencephalon becomes
|
midbrain
|
|
|
pit ant lobe develop from
|
Rathke's pouch
|
|
|
pit post lobe develop from
|
infundibiulum
|
|
|
disparate growth of SC & vertebral column form
|
cauda equina
|
|
|
myelination of corticospinal tracts completed at
|
2 y/o
|
|
|
dorsal horn of SC derived from
|
alar plate
|
|
|
ventral horn of SC derived from
|
basal plate
|
|
|
multiple dimples on back of infant w/ tufts of hair
|
spina bifida occulta
|
|
|
defect in spina bifida occulta
|
spinous processes end higher
|
|
|
spinal meningocele patho
|
meninges thru vertebral defect; SC intact
|
|
|
meningomyelocele patho
|
meninges & SC thru vertebral defect
|
|
|
form of spina bifida causing paralysis caudal to defect
|
spinal bifida w/ rachischisis
|
|
|
meningoencephalocele patho
|
meninges & brain thru skull defect; poor prog
|
|
|
meningohydroencephalocele patho
|
meninges, brain,ventricle thru skull defect
|
|
|
arnold-chiari malformation patho
|
caudal vermis, cerebellar tonsils, medulla oblongata herniate thru foramen magnjum
|
|
|
Ch. 14 - ear
|
111
|
|
|
lower slanted ears assoc w/
|
trisomies: 13, 18, 21
|
|
|
atreisa of external auditory meatus present as 2
|
bony plate in tympanic membrane; soft tissue plug
|
|
|
EAM atreasia assoc w/ defect in which groove
|
pharyngeal groove 1
|
|
|
congenital cholesteatoma
|
middle ear benign tumor -> conduction deafness
|
|
|
congenital deafness assoc w/ which infection
|
rubella
|
|
|
middle ear formed by
|
pharyngeal arch 1, 2; pouch 1, membrane 1
|
|
|
Ch. 15 - eye
|
117
|
|
|
iris cleft
|
coloboma iridis
|
|
|
causes of congenital cataracts 5
|
rubella, toxoplasmosis, syphilis, Down's, galactosemia
|
|
|
cyclopia patho
|
failure of median cerebral structures to develop
|
|
|
retinitis pigmentosa Sx 3
|
rod degeneration, night blindness, gun barrel vision
|
