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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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neural plate cells are
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columnar, versus ectoderm cells which are cuboidal
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mesoderm alongside notochord is
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paraxial
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notochord important for
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inducing development of other structures: neurotube-brain-face
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size of what part of occipital bone critical
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foramen magnum, so that spinal cord is not compressed
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group of people genetically different that compression of spinal cord more common in, and why
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achondroplastic dwarfs, because foramen magnum too small, putting pressure on spinal cord
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what is a somite
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visibly segmented mesoderm
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skull and facial bones derived from
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neural crest cells: ectoderm from area (more headwards than somites)
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vault of skull created from
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unsegmented mesoderm
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base of skull created from
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somites
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bifid abnormality of notochord means
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two brains, two faces
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occipital bone and vertebrae form from
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somites
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portion of somite which forms bones which bones?
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ventromedial somite: sclerotome, forms ribs and vertebrae
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how many sclerotomes make one vertebrae, and why?
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sclerotomes all fuse together, then resegment into individual vertebrae. They resegment half a segment lower than the orig. somite, with discs in between vertebrae
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when vertebrae are joined, problem occurred how?
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failure of resegmentation
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problems with bony bar resegmentation may lead to?
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spinal curvature
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part of sclerotome fails to develop normally, may cause?
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hemivertebrae
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side to side deformity
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scoliosis
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3 scoliosis causes
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bone, muscle or nerve problems. Leads to rib chgs, etc.
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spina bifida occurs where?
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anywhere along the spinal cord
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spina bifida is
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separation of vertebral elements in the midline
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spina bifida effects
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CNS, bone, skull, vertebrae, and meninges
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3 kinds of spina bifida
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occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele
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particular fluid problem assoc. with spina bifida
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produces CSF fine, but cant drain it. Can cause hydrocephaly
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spina bifida occulta
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sometimes covered with hair. can be prone to back ache, esp. with lifting
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spina bifida aperta meningocele def. & treatment
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bony defect, plus problem with meningeal sac-keep sterile, and nip off, otherwise infections.
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spina bifida aperta myelo-meningocele
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spinal cord, meninges, and bony defects very serious
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problems with SBmyelo-mening
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cover up- infection risk. 90% have hindbrain problems, cant drain CSF. Need to put tap in brain or hydrocephalus.
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If myelomeningocele not treated?
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will die within weeks
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Lorbers paradox?
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Spina bifida: aggressive treatment doesnt mean fewer handicaps, but more survivors with worse handicaps.
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Neurosurgeon fixes what in myelomeningocele cases?
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closes defect. assess/fix hydrocephalus. (fixes drainage problem of brain)
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usual blockage in myelomeningocele patients?
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aqueduct
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How is hydrocephalus fixed
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shunt behind ear to drain CSF. tap installed
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problems with brain in myelo meningocele patients
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traction on cranial and upper cervical nerves cause abnormal ventilation, poor head control, vocal cord paralysis, dysphagia
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with myelomeningocele, assume what with regard to defect
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assume paralysis below defect. Any non-paralysis is a bonus.
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orthopedic involvment with myleomeningocele patients
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maximize mobility however possible: have stand if they can stand, cut muscles and tendons if nec. so they can sit. unlock joints. Treat deformities: scoliosis, kyphosis, Lordosis etc.
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Other problems of myleomeningocele?
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fecal incontinence, inefficient bladder emptying (can cause infection). These cause psychological problems
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