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158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Embryonic period is when?
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4th-8th week
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What happens during embryonic period?
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Organogenesis
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When is fetal period?
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8th week to birth
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What happens during fetal period?
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Growth and physiological maturation of organ systems
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Beginning of 4th week embryo is how large?
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4mm
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What happens at beginning of 4th week?
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Folding of embryo. Optic cup (neuroectoderm; forbrain) retina. Otic placodes (surface ectoderm) internal ear. Pharyngeal arch 1 and 2. Somites. Diff of neural tube, 8 vesicles of brain.
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How large is embryo at end of 4th week?
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6 mm
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At end of 4th week what happens?
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3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches. Upper limb buds. Neuropores close. Yolk sac separation. Heart forms large ventral prominence and pumps blood. Lens placode. Tail. Head folds into C-shape.
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What happens at 5th week? Main changes in head region?
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Growth of brain vesicles. Nasal pits. Lower/upper limb buds from hand plate.
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At 6th week embryo is how large?
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13 mm
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At 6th week what happens in embryo?
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Face formation. 6 auricular hillocks around 1 groove. Auricle. Retinal pigment formed, eye is visible. Upper limb diff (digital rays & elbow). Head growth
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At 7th week what develops?
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Upper limb elongate and are on heart prominence. Eyelids primordial. Formation of teeth primordial. Intestines enter umbilical cord, formation of umbilical hernia.
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At 8th week embryo weighs how much?
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1 g
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At 8th embryo is how large?
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30 mm
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At 8th week what forms?
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Fingers are free. Auricles are developed. Tail disappears. Head ½ size of whole embryo. Face is formed
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During embryonic period- embryo is sensitive to?
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teratogens
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Classification of human embryo into how many stages?
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23 stages. Carnagie stages
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During fetal period- fetus is measured by?
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Crown – nump length in mm CRL/CR
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At fetal period weight goes from 1 g to?
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3.5 kg
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At fetal period length increases from 3 cm to?
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35 cm
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Greatest increase in length is in which trimester?
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2
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Greatest increase in weight is in which trimester?
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3
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Mothers gene control what growth?
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Intrauterine growth
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Fathers genes control what growth?
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Growth ab
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What is IUGR?
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Intrauterine growth retardation
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Spontaneous abortion is end of pregnancy before which week or weight less than?
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20th week. Less than 500 g
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Another word for labour?
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Parturition
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Signals for fetal brain?
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Hypothalamus – pituitary gland – adrenal gland – placenta estrog, progest
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Estrogen influences deciduas to secrete?
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Prostaglandins which stimulate mm contraction and degradation of collagen fibers in cervix to male flexible.
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Prior to birth- from 30th week women experience what kind of contraction?
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Braxton Hicks
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What is progress of effacement?
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Thinning & dilation of cervix
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How to diagnose before birth?
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Ultrasonography. Amniocentesis. Cordocentesis.
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Length and weight during 9 - 12th week:
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9cm – 45g
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Length and weight during 13- 16th week:
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14cm – 200g
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Length and weight during 17- 20th week:
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19cm – 460g
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Length and weight during 21- 25h week:
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25cm – 800g
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Length and weight during 26- 29th week:
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28cm – 1500g
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Length and weight during 30- 34th week:
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30cm – 2000g
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Length and weight during 35- 38th week:
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35cm – 3500g
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9-12th week - What happens during these weeks?
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Eyes face ant. Ears in final position. Well defined neck. Eyelids fuse. Primary ossific enters in skull and long bones. Intestine return to abdomen. Sex externally distuinguishable. Fingernails.
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13-16th - What happens during these weeks?
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Growth very rapid. Head is erect. Lower limb developed. Eyebrows.
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17-20th - What happens during these weeks?
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Skin covered by vernix caseosa. Fetal movement felt by mother. Heart beat can be heard. Brown fat forms.
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21-25th - What happens during these weeks?
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Fetus length ½ of newborn. Skin pink. Head 1/3 of fetus
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26-29th - What happens during these weeks?
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Eyes opened. Hematopoesis in bone marrow. Lungs can breathe air. CNS matured.
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30-34th - What happens during these weeks?
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Testis descending. Skin is smooth
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35-38th - What happens during these weeks?
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Lanugo hairs disappears. Prominent chest. Head ¼ of fetus.
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A fetus survives if born prematurely – when:
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26 - 29th week
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Estrogens and cortisol production in the baby is stimulated how:
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hypothalamus->CRH -> pituitary gland -> ACTH -> Adrenal glands -> cortisol + estrogens
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cortisol is important in:
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lungs maturation
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Estrogens influence Uterus how:
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uterine smooth muscles : Stimulates synthesis of receptors for oxitocin + Synthesis of connexins
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oxitocin hormon do what:
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stimulating contraction of uterine muscles
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connexins do what:
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form junctions between uterine cells of smooth muscles - coordination of the muscles contraction
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Estrogens influence what:
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uterine smooth muscles,
posterior pituitary -> oxitocin secretion. Decidua -> prostaglandins secretion |
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prostaglandins secretion do what in the end of pregency:
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- stimulate muscles contraction -' stimulate degradation of collagen fibres in the cervix to make it flexible
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The expected date of delivery of a fetus is after fertilization:
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266 days or 38 weeks
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The expected date of delivery of a fetus is after LNMP:
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280 days or 40 weeks after
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Whats a pretermed fetus:
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weight below 2500g (500-2500g) less than 37 weeks
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LNMP =
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the first day of the Last Normal Menstrual Period
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The dorsal end of the first pharyngeal arch cartilage (Meckel cartilage) is closely related to:
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the developing ear
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The fourth and sixth pharyngeal arch cartilages fuse to form:
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the laryngeal cartilages
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The endoderm of the pouches contacts the ectoderm of the pharyngeal grooves and together they form:
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the double-layered pharyngeal membranes that separate the pharyngeal pouches from the pharyngeal grooves
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By 7 weeks – what’s happened with thyroid
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the thyroid gland has assumed its definitive shape and is usually located in its final site in the neck
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nasal placodes lie in depressions called:
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the nasal pits
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Each lateral nasal prominence is separated from the maxillary prominence by:
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a cleft called the nasolacrimal groove
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development of the palate begins:
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in the sixth week;
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development of the palate is not completed until
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the 12th week
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primary palate is formed by:
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merging of the medial nasal prominences
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The secondary palate is the primordium of:
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the hard and soft parts of the palate
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Which structure is responsible for hormones that Protect nervous system + accelerate the development of brown fat tissue
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thyroid
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The parafollicular cells (C cells) in the thyroid gland are derived from
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the ultimopharyngeal bodies, which are derived mainly from the fourth pair of pharyngeal pouches
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Ectoderm of tympanic membrane comes from:
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Pharyngeal groove 1
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amnion contributes to umbilical cord how:
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Walls of amnion form the epithelial covering the umbilical cord.
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ALLANTOIS contributes to umbilical cord how :
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3-5 weeks – early blood vessels formation in ALLANTOIS wall.
These blood vessels formed the umbilical arteries and veins |
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Describe the receptor for growth factor?
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A receptor with intrinsic tyrosine kinases activity
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What are the regulators for the cell cycle?
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Cyclins, CDK, suppressor genes (P53)
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Describe cyclins?
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Proteins with no enzymatic activity, appearing periodically during cell cycle.
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What does gene p53 do?
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Inhibits replication to allow DNA reparation. If cannot be repaired, induces apoptosis.
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What do protooncogenes do?
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Regulate growth & differentiation
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Zygot is totipotential up to how many blastomers?
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8
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Which 2 proteins play main role in regulation of human development?
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Transcription factors – reg gene expression. Signaling proteins – influence on other cells
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Which signaling proteins do we have?
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Shh – sonic hedge hog
TGF – B , FGF |
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If only female DNA (female pronuclei) what happens?
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Only trophoblast
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We need male and female DNA - if only male what happens?
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Only embryoblast
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What do homeotic genes do?
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Determine position of cells in each segment of body
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What kind of gene is HOX gene?
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Homeotic gene
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HOX participates in differentiation of?
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CNS, vertebral column and limbs
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Which cell adhesion molecules are there?
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Integrins and cadherins
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N and F adherins important during which differentiation?
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Neuroectoderm diff.
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What are capases?
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Proteases
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Main regulators of apoptosis are?
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From Bel-2 family
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Epithelial covering the umbilical cord comes from:
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wall of the amnion
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How many Cotyledones are there in the placenta:
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15-20 ,each between a septum
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Embryonic ectoderm gives rise to:
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the epidermis, central and peripheral nervous systems, the eye, and inner ear, and, as neural crest cells, to many connective tissues of the head
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Embryonic endoderm is the source of:
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the epithelial linings of the respiratory and alimentary (digestive) tracts, including the glands opening into the gastrointestinal tract and the glandular cells of associated organs such as the liver and pancreas.
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Embryonic mesoderm gives rise to:
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all skeletal muscles, blood cells and the lining of blood vessels, all visceral smooth muscular coats, the serosal linings of all body cavities, the ducts and organs of the reproductive and excretory systems, and most of the cardiovascular system. In the trunk, it is the source of all connective tissues, including cartilage, bones, tendons, ligaments, dermis, and stroma of internal organs.
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Important singal molecule during Neurulation:
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Shh signaling
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The notochord Contributes to the:
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intervertebral discs
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The notochord extends from:
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the oropharyngeal membrane to the primitive node.
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The notochord degenerates as the bodies of the vertebrae form - but small portions of it persist as:
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the nucleus pulposus of each intervertebral disc.
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The notochord functions as:
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the primary inductor (signaling center) in the early embryo.
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The developing notochord induces the :
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overlying embryonic ectoderm to thicken and form the neural plate -> neuroectoderm
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Neurulation is done when:
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These processes are completed by the end of the fourth week, when closure of the caudal neuropore occurs
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On approximately the 18th day the neural plate do what:
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invaginates along its central axis to form a longitudinal median neural groove, which has neural folds on each side
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By the end of the third week the neural folds have begun to:
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move together and fuse, converting the neural plate into a neural tube, the primordium of the CNS
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In addition to the notochord cells derived from the primitive node form:
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paraxial mesoderm.
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Toward the end of the third week the paraxial mesoderm do what:
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differentiates, condenses, and begins to divide into paired cuboidal bodies, the somites
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How many somites do we have after the somite period –
which days are those – how many somites do we have after the fifth week: |
38 pairs,
day 20-35. 42-44 pairs |
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Somites first appear in the future occipital region of the embryo- They soon develop and give rise to:
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most of the axial skeleton and associated musculature as well as to the adjacent dermis of the skin.
The first pair of somites appears at the end of the third week |
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At the beginning of the third week – whats happing with the blood:
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vasculogenesis and angiogenesis -
begins in the extraembryonic mesoderm of the umbilical vesicle, connecting stalk, and chorion |
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About the blood - Mesenchymal cells (mesoderm derived) differentiate into:
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endothelial cell precursors-angioblasts --
which aggregate to form isolated angiogenic cell clusters called blood islands |
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Angioblasts flatten to form:
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endothelial cells that arrange themselves around the cavities in the blood island to form the endothelium.
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Blood formation (hematogenesis) does not begin in the embryo until:
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the fifth week.
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Villi that attach to the maternal tissues through the cytotrophoblastic shell are:
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stem chorionic villi (anchoring villi).
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Examples of blastocyst hormones that Influence endometrium:
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e.g. growth factors (PDFG, TGF, EGF), cytokines (IL1, 6; TNF, IFN), prostaglandins
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During the circulation of amniotic fluid most of it will:
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passes through the amniochorionic membrane into the maternal tissue fluid and enters uterine capillaries
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3 major events with allantois + time:
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•16th day – diverticulum (sausage-shape) from the wall of yolksac extending into the connecting stalk.
• 3-5 weeks – early blood vessels formation in its wall. These blood vessels formed the umbilical arteries and veins •10-12 weeks formes the urachus (is connected with urinary bladder) which after birth becomes the median umbilical ligame |
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From which cells do we get chorion:
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Trophoblast and extraembryonic mesoderm
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Transfer of nutrients to the embryo from trophoblast to embryonic disc happens when:
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2-3 week
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When are blood vessels formed in the yolk sac?
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4-5 week
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What happens to the amnion at 4th month?
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Amnion enlarges, obliterates the chorionic cavity and forms amniochorionic membrane
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What build up the wall of the fetal sac?
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Decidua capsularis and parietalis.
Smooth chorion. Wall of amnion |
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When does primary villi arise + What does it contain?
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end of week 2 – Trophoblast
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How does the water return to the amniotic sac?
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Through the fetal urinary tract
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How much amniotic fluid is Swallowed by the fetus at the end of pregnancy:
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up to 400 ml per day
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What builds up the placental membrane?
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Endothelium of villus capillary.
Connective tissue of villus. Trophoblast |
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What do secondary villi contain?
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Trophoblast, extraembryonic mesoderm
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From what are the primordial blood vessels formed + when?
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3rd week from extraembryonic mesoderm of wall of yolk sac, connecting stalk, wall of the chorion
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Extraembryonic mesoderm -> parietal - Splanchnic mesoderm + body stalk happens when:
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12th day
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Notochordal process +Oropharyngeal and cloacal membranes : when do we get them:
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18th day
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When do we get Allantois:
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18th day
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What is formed in 9th day?
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1. Amnion
2. Lacunas in trophoblast 3. Primary yolk sac |
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Cells migrate from primitive node cranially until reach the prechordal plate – happens when?
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16-17th day
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What does paraxial mesoderm form?
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Skeletal muscles, axial skeleton, mesenchymal tissue, dermis
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What is formed by the somatic mesoderm?
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lateral and ventral body wall, serous membrane.
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13-14 days we get,
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secondary yolk sac(same place as prim y.s. )
chorion cavity (same as extraembryonic coelom) - chorionic wall primary chorionic vill |
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What structures are formed by the lateral mesoderm?
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Smooth muscles and con tissue of digestive tract, serous membrane, heart muscles, blood and lymph vessels, bone marrow, spleen, adrenal cortex
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Cellular tube that extends cranially from the primitive node to the prechordal plate – happens when(notochord):
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17th day
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What happens to the neural groove after neural crest is formed?
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It closes to form the neural tube
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What does the neural tube build?
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Brain/spinal cord (CNS), retina, pineal gland, posterior pituitary gland
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Floor of the notochordal process fuses with underlying endoderm – when:
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18th day
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What is formed by the neuroectoderm?
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Neural tube, neural crest
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Blastocyst is completely embedded in endometrium when
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10-11th day –
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What is formed by the intermediate mesoderm?
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Urogenital system (kidneys, testis, ductus epididymis, ductus deferens, ovaries, vagina, uterus, uterine tubes
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What is formed by the visceral mesoderm?
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wall of the digestive tract, serous membrane
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paraxial mesoderm Divides into segments (SOMITOMERES) when:
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18-19th day
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What is formed by neural plate during neural crest formation?
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Neural groove
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What happens once the gonocytes reach the gonads + becomes?
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They begin a phase of rapid mitotic proliferation – becomes spermatogonia or oogonia
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How long is the spermatocytogenesis + which type of division?
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32 days – meiosis
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SPERMATOCYTOGENESIS – stages + DNA content:
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Spermatogonia (spermatogonium B, 46 chromosomes)
-> spermatocyte 1(46, 4c DNA) -> spermatocyte 2 (23, 2c DNA) -> spermatid(23, 1c DNA) |
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What is spermiogenesis?
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Spermatids differentiation into spermatozoa
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What is formed after the second division(female)?
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Secondary oocyte and polar body
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What does the secondary oocyte have?
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1. Zona pellucida
2. Cortical granules 3. Materials needed for early development |
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What is the function of the ovarian cycle?
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Follicle maturation, and corpus luteum differentiation
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What happens in the capacitation process?
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Plasma membrane changes.
Changes at Ca2+ level. Removing the glycoprotein coat to expose receptors necessary to interaction with zona pellucid. |
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What do the follicular cells of the corona radiate contain?
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Hyaluronic acid in the intracellular matrix
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FSH do what:
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more testosterone -> induces spermatogenesis; stimulates Sertoli cells to start Androgen Binding Protein production
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OOGENESIS – starts with + ends with:
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Oogonium -> Primary Oocyte -> Secondary oocyte -> ovum
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Name the receptor recognizing proteins of ZP of the plasma membrane of sperm cells?,
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Lectin, Receptor ZRK, spermadhesine.
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