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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the first organ that forms?
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Heart
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What is vasculogenesis?
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de novo formation of the vessels
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What is angiogenesis?
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formation/branching of the new vessels from ALREADY existing vessels
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How do tumors grow blood vessels around them?
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angiogenesis
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T/F Angiogenesis can procede without previous blood vessels
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False, it cannot
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When does vasculogenesis first occur and where?
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In the third week in the intra and extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm
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When does the primitive heart tube become functional?
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almost immediately in the 3rd week
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Where does vasculogenesis occur?
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Intraembryonic splancnic mesoderm
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Cardiogeneic field?
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Collection of blood islands in the 3rd week
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Angiogenic precursors form what?
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blood islands
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blood islands will eventually form what?
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primitive blood vessels
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What will cardiogenic field eventually form?
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a crescent-shaped blood vessel
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What will crescent-shaped blood vessel do after 3rd week?
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It will form an upside down u and fold anteriorly
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Fusion of endocardial tubes form what?
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Primitive heart tube
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Arch formed by folding of embryo?
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First aortic arch
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What gives rise to dorsal aorta?
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Cardiogenic field
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What happens for the 2 dorsal aorta?
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2 dorsal arches around 4th cervical level fuse to become one aorta
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Caudal portion of primitive heart receives branches of blood vessels from where?
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Mainly yolk sac,
Placenta Some venous structure from body itself |
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How is the visceral pericardium formed?
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Splanchnic mesoderm from the septrum transversum comes up and covers outside of heart
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What is cardiac jelly and what does it do?
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Myocardium and endothelium secrete a bunch of extracellular matrix into the layer b/t endocardium and myocardium
allows growth of heart tube and folding of heart tube |
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What will dorsal mesocardium give rise to?
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Transverse pericardial sinus
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How is the transverse pericardial sinus formed?
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Perforation of dorsal mesocardium that connects all the space around the pericardium
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Where is the transverse pericardial sinus located?
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Behind pulmonary trunk and aorta
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What are the 4 layers of the primitive heart tube?
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1. Endothelium (innermost)
2. Cardiac Jelly (ECM) 3. Cardiomyocitic splanchnic mesoderm (cardiomyocytes) 4. Epicardium |
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Another name for epicardium?
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visceral pericardium
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As primitive heart tube grows, what happens?
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It forms bulges and constrictions
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How many bulges does it form?
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4
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Which direction does the blood flow?
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Comes in from yolk sac, placenta, and flows in a cephalic direction
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What is the caudlemost part of the primitive heart that receives blood?
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Sinus venosus
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What is the next cephalic bulge called?
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Primitive atrium
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What will sinus venosus give rise to?
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Part of right atrium, coronary sinus, and oblique vein
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What is the next chephalic bulge?
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Primitive ventricle
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And the most cephalic bulge?
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Bulbous cordis
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What are the 3 structures of bulbous cordus from cephalic to caudal?
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1. Truncus arteriosus
2. Conus cordis 3. Proximal portion of bulbus cordis |
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What does truncus arteriosus give rise to?
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Root of aorta and root of pulmonary trunk
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What does the conus cordis give rise to?
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forms outlet of blood from ventricles
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What does the proximal portion of the bulbus cordis give rise to?
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RIGHT ventricle
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What does the primitive ventricle give rise to?
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LEFT ventricle
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What is the constriction between the primitive atrium and primitive ventricle?
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Atrioventricular sulcus
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What is the constriction between the primitive ventricle and bulbus cordis?
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Bulboventricular sulcus
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What is the opening b/t primitive atrium and primitive ventricle?
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Atrioventricular canal
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What is the narrow lumen b/t primitive ventricle and bulbus cordis?
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primary interventricular foramen
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On day 23 which direction of heart fold?
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Caudally and ventrally and lower portion pulls backwards
bulbus cordis folds ventrally, caudally, and to the right |
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Flow of blood through primitive heart?
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Primitive atrium
Atrioventricular canal Primitive left ventricle Primary interventricular foramen Primitive right ventricle Conus cordis Truncus arteriosis |
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Cardiogenic area lies rostral to what membrane?
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Buccopharyngeal
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What are the 3 major structures that the sinus venosus drains?
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1. Yolk sac
2. Placenta 3. Embryonic body |
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Lateral to medial veins?
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1. Cardinal veins
2. Umbilical vein 3. Vitelline veins |
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What are the two horns of the sinus venosus
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right and left
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What do they drain?
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Vitelline, umbilical, and cardinal veins
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What 2 divisions are cardinal veins?
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anterior and posterior
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What is the right shift?
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Most of the blood enters through right horn, left structures start to undergo degeneration
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Left cardinal vein degenerates and becomes what?
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coronary sinus
small branch will become oblique vein of left atrium |
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The right sinus venosus is encorporated into what?
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Growing right atrial wall
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What happens to the right cardinal vein?
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enlarges and becoms sinus venarum or right atrium
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What is the crista terminalis?
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It demarcates the sinus venarum and papillary muscles, band of cardiac muscle
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What is aligning?
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aligns atria, ventricle, and out flow tract for the process of septation
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What is septation?
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physically separates the heart into 4 chambers and 2 circulatory systems
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What is the endocardial cushion?
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Mesenchyme filled with bulges and ridges, build up in cardiac jelly
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What is the origin of endocardial cushion?
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NC and endocardial cells
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What are endocardial cells supplied by?
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NC and endocardial cells
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How are cushions/septums form?
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Mesenchyme builds up and forms bulges. Eventually those cushions fuse to form septum
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Which septum grows first, by what?
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Atrial septum by septum primum growing downward
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As septum primum forms, a large opening is created underneath, what is that called?
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Ostium primum
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What is the function of ostium primum?
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It allows communication b/t right and left atria
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What is the ostium secundum
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Perforated opening between right and left atrium in the septum primum
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What is the second crescent wall that starts to come down? compared to septum primum?
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septum secundum
more muscular, septum primum is more membranous |
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Opening of septum secundum?
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foramen ovale
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Which way can blood flow now in the heart?
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Right atrium to left atrium, but blood cannot go from left to right
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How is the atrioventricular septum formed?
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Superior (dorsal) and inferior (ventral) endocardial cushoin forms right and left atrioventricular canals
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What do the right and left atrioventricular canals do?
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There is debate, but it looks like the endocardial comes in and remodels, apoptosis to form papillary muscles and chordae tendinae
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How is the ventricular septum formed?
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Starts from bottom of ventricles and grows upwards towards AV septum
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Does the ventricular septum close all the way?
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No, it has to leave some space b/t right and left ventricles
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What forms the aorticopulmonary septum?
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Truncus cushions grow together
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What forms the membranous IV septum?
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truncal cushion,/septum
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What will the right horn of the sinus venosus form?
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Sinus venarum of right atrium
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What will the left horn of the sinus venosus form?
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Coronary sinus and oblique vein
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What is a ventricular septal defect?
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most common cardiac malformation, septum is incomplete so there is still communication between ventricles
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What is tetralogy of Fallot?
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1. Overridiing Aorta (b/c pulmonary trunk is small
2. Pulmonary stenosis (narrowing) 3. Rt ventricular hypertrophy (bc it has to pump harder) 4. VSD (AV is abnormal and IV is abnormal) |
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What is persistent truncus arteriosus?
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Does not divide into distinct pulmonary trunk and aorta (mix of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood)
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What is great vessel transposition?
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Right side pumps oxygen into system, left side pumps oxygen into pulmonary system
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Aortic arches drain from _____ to _____
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primitive heart tube
dorsal aorta |
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What happens to the first and second aortic arches?
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Mostly regress. part of first remains and becomes maxillary artery. Part of second remains and becomes stapedial artery
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What happens to the 3rd aortic arch?
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becomes right and left common and internal carotid arteries
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What happens to the 4th aortic arch?
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rt: proximal subclavian
lt: part of the aorta (arch) |
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What does the 6th aortic arch turn into?
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rt: proximal rt pulmonary artery
Lt: ductus arteriosus |
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Where does the vitallin arterial plexus come from?
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yolk sac
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What does the vitallin arterial plexus give rise to?
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1. Celiac trunk
2. superior mesenteric 3. inferior mesenteric |
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What do the umbilical arteries give rise to?
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Common iliac artery, which becomes medial umbilical ligaments after birth
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What are precursor cells from septum transversum that form coronary arteries?
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1. proepicardial cells
2. epicardium |
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What are the three main veins of the fetal venous system?
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1. Vitellin
2. Umbilical 3. Cardinal |
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What do vitellin veins form?
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1. hepatic sinusoids
2. hepatocardiac portion of IVC 3. Portal vein 4. Superior mesenteric vein |
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What do umbilical veins form?
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ductus venosus
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What will the ductus venosus become?
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ligamentum teres/venosum or round ligament
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What happens to the cardinal veins?
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Left: disappears
Right: right brachiocephalic vein and anastomosis creates elft brachiocephalic vein also part of superior vena cava |
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Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus function together to do what in the fetus?
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bipass pulmonary system
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Umbilical artery closure will form what?
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Medial umbilical ligaments
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Umbilical vein and ductus venosus closure will form what?
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Ligamentum teres and ligamentum venosum
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What is coarctation of the aorta?
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Contrisction of the aorta. can be postductal or preductal
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Which has a better chance at survival, a newborn with postductal or preductal coarctation of the aorta?
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Postductal because it can form collateral circulation in the fetus and has that circulation when born. Preductal would not have the collateral circulation needed for survival.
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What is a double aortic arch and vascular ring?
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Persistant dorsal aorta, forms ring around esophagus and trachea
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What do all the body cavities form from?
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Intraembryonic coelm
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What is the septum transversum?
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It is just cephalic to pericardial cavity before folding. it also is a place where visceral and splanchnic mesoderm are continuous with each other
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The first folding of the "u" is going to create what?
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1. primitive pericardium
2. pericardioperitoneal canals |
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What level after folding is the septum transversum?
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C3-C5
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What divides the pericardial cavity from the pleural cavity?
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Pleuropericardial folds
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What will the pleuropericardial folds be in the adult?
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Fibrous pericardium
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What are the pleuroperitoneal membranes and what do they do?
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Separate thorax from abdomen by closing pericardioperitoneal canals. They grow from dorsal to ventral until they hook up with septum transversum
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What is a diaphragmatic hernia?
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if the pleuroperitoneal membrane does not close correctly, some space is left open of canal
Usually occurs on L side |
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What will the septum transversum give rise to?
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central tendon
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What will the pleuroperitoneal membranes give rise to?
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bulk of muscles of the diaphragm
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What will body wall mesoderm give rise to?
What is it innervated by (including spinal cord levels) |
muscular rim of diaphragm
Secmental innercation from T7-T12 |
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What does congenital diaphragmatic hernia lead to?
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Pulmonary hypoplasia because the contents of the abdominal cavity can grow upwards and take up space lung needs. Lung then cannot grow completely
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What is eventration of the diaphragm?
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No differentiation of membrane so there are no muscles or tendons. Abdominal contents can push up and lead to pulmonary hypoplasia
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What is the difference in hypoplasia in diaphragmatic hernia and eventration of the diaphragm?
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In a diaphragmatic hernia it's usually on the Left, eventration is usually bilateral
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Name 4 body wall defects
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1. Cleft Sternum
2. Umbilical hernia 3. Omphalocele 4. Gastroschisis |
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What is umbilical hernia?
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abnormal contents protruding out and encased in umbilical cord
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What is omphalocele?
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Body wall does not completely come together, but is still covered by amniotic membrane
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What is Gastroschisis?
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Amniotic membrane ruptures and does not cover over organs, not a good survival rate
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What is cleft sternum?
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Ectopia cordis
organ outside body or or abnormal location of organ....can remove top layer and sew it up. Good chance of survival |
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The trachea is straighter on which side?
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Right
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Where does the larynx develop from?
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4th and 6th pharyngeal arches
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What is the embryologic origin of the larynx?
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1. Endoderm: epithelium and vocal cords
2. Mesoderm: muscles (superior and recurrant laryngeal nerve) and cartilages |
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How does the lung bud/diverticulum form?
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Buds from esophagus, then keeps dividing to form lungs
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What is the wall that separates trachea from esophagus?
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Tracheoesophageal ridge
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What is the importance of endoderm and mesoderm interaction in the formation of the lungs?
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Recruitment of vessels and connective tissue
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Start from the trachea and name each structure of the lungs
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1. Trachea
2. Primary bronchi 3. Secondary bronchi 4. Tertiary bronchi 5. Ternimal bronchioles 6. Respiratory bronchioles 7. Terminal sacs 8. Alveoli |
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What happens to the alveoli in the 7th month?
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They go from being lined by simple cuboidal epithelium to simple squamous epithelium
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Where is the boundary for conducting system and respiratory system in the lungs, how do we know that?
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Respiratory bronchioles are the first part of the respiratory because there are little holes in the epithelium (compared to terminal bronchioles)
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What is the purpose of surfactant?
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Reduces friction and prevents lungs from collapsing
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Where is there no more cartilage found?
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C rings --> platelets --> islands and no more islands in terminal bronchioles
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Name and describe two types of alveolar (pneumocyte) cells
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Type I : 97% of alveoli, gas exchange b/t air and capillary
Type II: produce surfactant |
