Embryo

Front 1

someting went wrong in week 1

Back 1

miscarriages

or ectopic preganancies

Front 2

wrong in wek 2

Back 2

teratomas: tumor from remenenant from primitive streak

sirenomeila: gastrulation defect of posterior primitive streak

Front 3

week 3

Back 3

spina bifida: incomplete closure of neural tube

anteriour -> anencephaly

Front 4

week 4

Back 4

neural crest migration defects
megacolon, Piebald and Waadenburg sundrom (pigmenttaion)

Front 5

D-V organization

Back 5

*Notochord/Primitive Node: dorsal ventral organization

Front 6

orgaization center for ectoderm

Back 6

Midbrain-Hindbrain Isthmus:

Front 7

dorsal-ventral pattering

Back 7

dorsal: chordin
ventral BMP

Front 8

what detremines anterior-posterior patterns

Back 8

hox

Front 9

can alter body pattern in specific ways

Back 9

ectopic expression: pushes everything more anterior
. Pharyngeal arch 1: normally doesn’t express hox genes and normally gives rise to mandible and maxillary, but with RA, causes cleft palate, microtia, micrognathia

Front 10

Types of Abnormal Morphogenesis

Back 10

malformation: abnormal formation of structure
-deformation: impact of mechanical forces on normally formed structure
-disruption: destruction of previously normally formed structure
-dysplasia: normal structure from abnormal tissue

Front 11

central nervous system develops from

Back 11

neural tube and neural plate

Front 12

perpheal nervous system develops from

Back 12

neural crest

Front 13

formaiton of a peripheral nerve

Back 13

neuroepithelia cells in neural crest -> unipolar (sensory) or multiploar(motor) neurona

Front 14

where is the nipple

Back 14

4th dermatome over T4 intercostal nerve

Front 15

two state model

Back 15

receptor swirched from active to inactove on its own

Front 16

receptor occupancy theroy

Back 16

receptor inactive if ligand not bound

Front 17

tachyphylxis

Back 17

receptor desensatization

Front 18

bioavailabulity

Back 18

1. Bioavailabilty
a. Administered dose that reaches circulation
b. F = reach circulation/IV dose = (AUC)po/(AUC)iv

Front 19

xplain how enzyme polymorphisms can affect drug metabolic rates.

Back 19

a. Extensive Metabolizers
i. Increase level of CYP or CYP activity


b. Poor Metabolizers
i. CYP deficiency or reduced CYP activity

Front 20

relationship between affinity and efficacy

Back 20

incread annfonity - inceaed efficacy

Front 21

noncompetitive antagnos similar to antagonist

Back 21

same ED50

Front 22

2. Bioequivalence

Back 22

a. COMPARING
b. Comparing two drugs that have the same bioavailability (same dosage, same route of administration)

Front 23

secretory diahreea

Back 23

have defective Cl channel -> Cl moves into lumen and water follows

treatmnt: oral rehydration therapy - pedialyte

Front 24

omsolyte diahreea

Back 24

due to digestion -> increase osmolites -> water flows in

treatmentL give glucose and lactose free diet -> no carbs

Front 25

hyperlasia

Back 25

more normal cells gorwing

Front 26

dysplasia

Back 26

loss of normal architecture - but no invasion

Front 27

TPA (non genotoxic carcinogen)

Back 27

mimics DAG and activates PKC
-stimulates Ras/Raf pathway, stimulates AP1-dependent transcription and NF-kB
-mitogenic

Front 28

: glucosinolates

Back 28

modulate Cyp1A1 (inhibits) and induces Phase II enzymes (ex
GST1)

Front 29

1. Accountable Care Organization

Back 29

a. Hold entity accountable for agreed-on quality, access, and cost outcomes
b. Risk bearing or shared savings
c. Maintain income, share savings
d. Clinical guidelines and quality measurements
e. PCP and specialists in one place
f. Electronic health records
g. Pilot program under 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA)

Front 30

global payment

Back 30

a. Focus on total cost of care (not each individual service)
b. Consider health care resource needs of patient populations
c. Data reporting and quality measures
d. Estimated cost for population of patients
e. Like Canadian system

Front 31

bundled payment

Back 31

a. “Episode of care” or “Case rate” payment = single payment covering particular episode of care (ex-myocardial infarction or hip replacement)
b. Multiple providers in multiple settings share in the payment of for a patient’s episode of care  All physicians working on patient share the payment
c. Provide incentive to coordinate care and reduce unnecessary care
d. Pilot program under ACA
e. Bad for chronic illnesses  diabetes

Front 32

4. Evidence Influenced Case Rates (Promethus Payment plans)

Back 32

a. Rewards physicians for practicing efficiently and avoiding complications
b. All-inclusive case rates according to EVIDENCE BASED GUIDELINES for episodes of acute and long term care
c. Physicians still paid Fee For Service
d. Encourage collaboration of physicians and hospitals
e. Receive bonus for high quality care without financial risk
f. Type of bundled payment
g. Physicians do what think is best, help maintain autonomy of physician

Front 33

DAG pathway

Back 33

hormone binds -> G protein complex stimulated PPI-PDE -> to brwk down PIP2 to DAG and IP3 -> DAG goes on to PKC and now have better kinase acivity
system turned off when you take away the stimukus

Front 34

how does calcium stimulate Ca-calmodulin depenednet protein kinase?

Back 34

hormone binds to receptor -> gate opens and lets Ca inside cel -> 4 of them goes and binds to CAM -> attaches to CAM kinase -> activate and now can phophorylate

Front 35

what kinase does Ca stimulate?

Back 35

calmodulin