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48 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the most basic planes regarding depth?
foreground, middleground, and background
Describe foreground, middleground, and background.
FOREGROUND is the plane closest to the camera that marks the beginning of the z-axis; MIDDLEGROUND is the plane marking the approximate middle of the z-axis; BACKGROUND is the plane furthest from the camera, marking the end of the z-axis
What is one advantage to blocking along the z-axis?
When blocking along the z-axis, we minimize camera movements and instead place emphasis on the object in motion and therefore give the shot more aesthetic/dramatic energy when using the z-axis. Also, when blocking along the x-axis the viewer is more of an observer whereas when blocking along the z-axis the viewer becomes more of a participant.
What are the three basic types of time (and describe them)?
Objective time (the time we measure on the clock), Subjective time (the time we experience mentally/emotionally/”feel”), and Biological time (the time that regulates our body functions/the biological clock)
What is the difference between objective and subjective time?
Objective/clock time is a superimposed standard and keeps ticking no matter what we do or how we feel, whereas subjective time is a personal experience; as we become more involved in an event, we generally become less aware of objective time.
What is one aesthetic use of slow motion?
The use of slow motion allows us to see something better and gives us total awareness of a situation.
What is one aesthetic use of accelerated motion?
The use of accelerated motion can give something comic appeal or can add to the horror of something by making something move quickly and unnaturally (think of The Ring).
True or False: Complexity editing may focus on the inner event (inner emotional) than maintaining the mental map.
True
What are the two types of montages?
Sequential montage and sectional montage.
What is the difference between a sequential montage and a sectional montage?
• A sequential montage involves condensing an event to its key elements for intensification; basically, telling a story in shorthand fashion. You are basically skipping points on the arrow of time to streamline things (think Shaun of the Dead with the different plans); a sectional montage takes a moment in time temporarily arrests that event to show the isolated moment from several viewpoints; basically, the intensification of the emotional power of a moment in time. We have to show this frozen moment in time with a rhythmic sequence of shots -- subjective time (the time the characters feel) freezes while objective time continues (think Braveheart with the intensification of the character riding up the hill)
What are the three things required for sound?
A source, a transmitter/medium, and a receiver
What is the difference between a sound and a noise?
Noise is a random and unmotivated interference and can be distracting. Sound, on the other hand, is motivated and serves some purpose in the production. Think of a crash; normally it is noise, but if the script calls for people to react to it, it becomes motivated.
True or false? A noise can be sound, and sound can be noise.
True
What does the soundtrack consist of? (3)
The soundtrack consists of music, sound effects, and dialogue.
What is the difference between literal and non-literal sounds?
• Literal sounds are sounds produced by devices inside the story. They give us added information about what is going on and can be source-connected (you see what is producing the sound on-screen) or source-disconnected (you don’t see what is producing the sound on-screen); Non-literal sounds are sounds that produced outside of the story and are not connected to ANY source in the story. Think of external music such as the bum-bum in Law and Order or the whoosing ocean breeze of Lost.
What are the three outer functions of sound?
Space (tell us more about the area and environment), Time (can help us determine time of the day -- alarm clock), and External condition (tells us if something is new or old)
What are the three inner functions of sound?
Mood (make us feel certain ways), Internal condition (tells us what the characters are feeling internally -- emotions, etc.), and Energy (low, high, or variable -- should be complimentary to the visual energy)
What are three elements used to build depth within the frame?
Overlapping planes, relative size on screen, and linear perspective.
What is linear perspective?
When all objects look progressively smaller the farther away they are; all parallel lines converge in the distance and horizontal and vertical lines grow closer.
What is the vanishing line?
The vanishing line lies on the horizon and is the imaginary point where all parallel lines converge.
What is depth of field?
Depth of field is the area along the z-axis that appears in focus.
A shallow depth of field means that . . .
only a small portion of the z-axis is in focus
A greater depth of field means . . .
a larger part of the z-axis is in focus.
Which kind of time is a superimposed standard?
Objective time
What kind of time relies on personal experience?
Subjective time
What is the difference between a zoom and a dolly?
With a zoom, the camera doesn’t move; it does with a dolly. A zoom-in brings the event toward the viewer; a zoom-out moves the event away from the viewer. A dolly-in takes the viewer to the event; a dolly-out leads the viewer away from it.
What is a cut?
An immediate transition from image to image; the most commonly used transition since it gives the audience the best chance of being engaged.
What is a dissolve?
A blending of images -- they are transposed on each other as they go from one to the other; suggests a thematic relationship between the two events
What is a wipe?
A wipe pushes one event off the screen to make room for another.
What is a jump cut?
when the image seems to "jump" within the screen or shots -- erratically from one screen edge to the other or just a slight yet sudden position change; it can indicate the passage of time or the emotional intensification of a character
True or false: While pacing belongs to the subjective category (time we feel), it is affected by changes to objective time (time we measure).
True
What is the difference between primary motion and secondary motion?
Primary motion involves everything that moves in front of the camera; it is event-dependent. Secondary motion is the motion of the camera and the motion simulated by camera zooms; it is medium-dependent.
What is a drawback to secondary motion?
Motion sickness; films using a lot of secondary motion (Cloverfield, etc.) have a tendency to be very disorienting to the viewer, sometimes to the point of nausea
What are the three aesthetic functions of sound?
(1.) Figure/ground -- means choosing the important sounds to be the "figure" while relegating other sounds to the background; (2.) Sound perspective -- means that you match close-up pictures with "close" sounds and long shots with sounds coming from further away since close shots have more presence; (3.) Sound continuity -- means that the sound maintains its intended volume and quality over a series of edits
Generally, wide angle lenses do what to the z-axis and narrow angle lenses do what to the z-axis?
Wide-angle lenses stretch/elongate the z-axis whereas narrow-angle lenses squeeze and compress the z-axis.
the act of shifting the focus along the z-axis; you throw an object that was once in focus OUT of focus; shifting emphasis within the frame
rack focus
a wide-angle lens provides what kind of depth of field? A telephoto/narrow angle lens provides what kind of depth of field?
a wide-angle lense provides a great depth of field, a telephoto/narrow angle lense provides a shallow depth of field (think of the piano)
created by objects, this is essential not only for physical depth but also for psychological depth
volume
objects within the frame that have substance or appear to have substance (trees, cars, people, desks, pillars, etc.)
positive volume
empty space that is defined by positive volumes; spaces with no definition, like the cloudless sky
negative volume
What are the three rules to blocking along the z-axis?
(1.) you are only limited by your background, (2.) movement along the z-axis can intensify a scene, and (3.) to add further intensity, you can combine multiple z-axis blocking techniques
predominant x-axis movement means the viewer is mostly an observer, while strong z-axis movement makes them . . .
a participant
the relative number of details that occur during a brief clock time
event density
the relative energy that we perceive about an event
event intensity
the basic structural unit of film motion is what?
the frame
how fast *is* the object moving on screen? How fast does the object seem to be moving?
perceived speed
the actual speed of an object
object speed
What are the three types of informational sound?
dialogue, direct address, and narration