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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the most basic planes regarding depth?
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foreground, middleground, and background
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Describe foreground, middleground, and background.
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FOREGROUND is the plane closest to the camera that marks the beginning of the z-axis; MIDDLEGROUND is the plane marking the approximate middle of the z-axis; BACKGROUND is the plane furthest from the camera, marking the end of the z-axis
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What is one advantage to blocking along the z-axis?
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When blocking along the z-axis, we minimize camera movements and instead place emphasis on the object in motion and therefore give the shot more aesthetic/dramatic energy when using the z-axis. Also, when blocking along the x-axis the viewer is more of an observer whereas when blocking along the z-axis the viewer becomes more of a participant.
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What are the three basic types of time (and describe them)?
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Objective time (the time we measure on the clock), Subjective time (the time we experience mentally/emotionally/”feel”), and Biological time (the time that regulates our body functions/the biological clock)
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What is the difference between objective and subjective time?
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Objective/clock time is a superimposed standard and keeps ticking no matter what we do or how we feel, whereas subjective time is a personal experience; as we become more involved in an event, we generally become less aware of objective time.
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What is one aesthetic use of slow motion?
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The use of slow motion allows us to see something better and gives us total awareness of a situation.
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What is one aesthetic use of accelerated motion?
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The use of accelerated motion can give something comic appeal or can add to the horror of something by making something move quickly and unnaturally (think of The Ring).
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True or False: Complexity editing may focus on the inner event (inner emotional) than maintaining the mental map.
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True
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What are the two types of montages?
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Sequential montage and sectional montage.
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What is the difference between a sequential montage and a sectional montage?
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• A sequential montage involves condensing an event to its key elements for intensification; basically, telling a story in shorthand fashion. You are basically skipping points on the arrow of time to streamline things (think Shaun of the Dead with the different plans); a sectional montage takes a moment in time temporarily arrests that event to show the isolated moment from several viewpoints; basically, the intensification of the emotional power of a moment in time. We have to show this frozen moment in time with a rhythmic sequence of shots -- subjective time (the time the characters feel) freezes while objective time continues (think Braveheart with the intensification of the character riding up the hill)
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What are the three things required for sound?
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A source, a transmitter/medium, and a receiver
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What is the difference between a sound and a noise?
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Noise is a random and unmotivated interference and can be distracting. Sound, on the other hand, is motivated and serves some purpose in the production. Think of a crash; normally it is noise, but if the script calls for people to react to it, it becomes motivated.
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True or false? A noise can be sound, and sound can be noise.
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True
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What does the soundtrack consist of? (3)
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The soundtrack consists of music, sound effects, and dialogue.
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What is the difference between literal and non-literal sounds?
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• Literal sounds are sounds produced by devices inside the story. They give us added information about what is going on and can be source-connected (you see what is producing the sound on-screen) or source-disconnected (you don’t see what is producing the sound on-screen); Non-literal sounds are sounds that produced outside of the story and are not connected to ANY source in the story. Think of external music such as the bum-bum in Law and Order or the whoosing ocean breeze of Lost.
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What are the three outer functions of sound?
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Space (tell us more about the area and environment), Time (can help us determine time of the day -- alarm clock), and External condition (tells us if something is new or old)
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What are the three inner functions of sound?
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Mood (make us feel certain ways), Internal condition (tells us what the characters are feeling internally -- emotions, etc.), and Energy (low, high, or variable -- should be complimentary to the visual energy)
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What are three elements used to build depth within the frame?
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Overlapping planes, relative size on screen, and linear perspective.
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What is linear perspective?
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When all objects look progressively smaller the farther away they are; all parallel lines converge in the distance and horizontal and vertical lines grow closer.
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What is the vanishing line?
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The vanishing line lies on the horizon and is the imaginary point where all parallel lines converge.
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What is depth of field?
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Depth of field is the area along the z-axis that appears in focus.
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A shallow depth of field means that . . .
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only a small portion of the z-axis is in focus
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A greater depth of field means . . .
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a larger part of the z-axis is in focus.
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Which kind of time is a superimposed standard?
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Objective time
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What kind of time relies on personal experience?
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Subjective time
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What is the difference between a zoom and a dolly?
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With a zoom, the camera doesn’t move; it does with a dolly. A zoom-in brings the event toward the viewer; a zoom-out moves the event away from the viewer. A dolly-in takes the viewer to the event; a dolly-out leads the viewer away from it.
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What is a cut?
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An immediate transition from image to image; the most commonly used transition since it gives the audience the best chance of being engaged.
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What is a dissolve?
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A blending of images -- they are transposed on each other as they go from one to the other; suggests a thematic relationship between the two events
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What is a wipe?
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A wipe pushes one event off the screen to make room for another.
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What is a jump cut?
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when the image seems to "jump" within the screen or shots -- erratically from one screen edge to the other or just a slight yet sudden position change; it can indicate the passage of time or the emotional intensification of a character
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True or false: While pacing belongs to the subjective category (time we feel), it is affected by changes to objective time (time we measure).
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True
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What is the difference between primary motion and secondary motion?
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Primary motion involves everything that moves in front of the camera; it is event-dependent. Secondary motion is the motion of the camera and the motion simulated by camera zooms; it is medium-dependent.
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What is a drawback to secondary motion?
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Motion sickness; films using a lot of secondary motion (Cloverfield, etc.) have a tendency to be very disorienting to the viewer, sometimes to the point of nausea
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What are the three aesthetic functions of sound?
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(1.) Figure/ground -- means choosing the important sounds to be the "figure" while relegating other sounds to the background; (2.) Sound perspective -- means that you match close-up pictures with "close" sounds and long shots with sounds coming from further away since close shots have more presence; (3.) Sound continuity -- means that the sound maintains its intended volume and quality over a series of edits
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Generally, wide angle lenses do what to the z-axis and narrow angle lenses do what to the z-axis?
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Wide-angle lenses stretch/elongate the z-axis whereas narrow-angle lenses squeeze and compress the z-axis.
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the act of shifting the focus along the z-axis; you throw an object that was once in focus OUT of focus; shifting emphasis within the frame
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rack focus
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a wide-angle lens provides what kind of depth of field? A telephoto/narrow angle lens provides what kind of depth of field?
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a wide-angle lense provides a great depth of field, a telephoto/narrow angle lense provides a shallow depth of field (think of the piano)
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created by objects, this is essential not only for physical depth but also for psychological depth
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volume
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objects within the frame that have substance or appear to have substance (trees, cars, people, desks, pillars, etc.)
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positive volume
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empty space that is defined by positive volumes; spaces with no definition, like the cloudless sky
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negative volume
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What are the three rules to blocking along the z-axis?
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(1.) you are only limited by your background, (2.) movement along the z-axis can intensify a scene, and (3.) to add further intensity, you can combine multiple z-axis blocking techniques
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predominant x-axis movement means the viewer is mostly an observer, while strong z-axis movement makes them . . .
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a participant
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the relative number of details that occur during a brief clock time
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event density
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the relative energy that we perceive about an event
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event intensity
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the basic structural unit of film motion is what?
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the frame
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how fast *is* the object moving on screen? How fast does the object seem to be moving?
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perceived speed
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the actual speed of an object
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object speed
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What are the three types of informational sound?
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dialogue, direct address, and narration
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