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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The four main departments at radio and television stations are:
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engineering, programming, sales, operations (SOPE)
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On-air talent is generally a part of which department?
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programming
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The two big positions in operations are:
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traffic and continuity
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the flow of the program content that plays on the air -- most importantly monitoring the flow of commercials that play and making a record when they play
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traffic
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The three sources of programming for a television station are:
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local, network, and syndicated
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The two types of syndicated programming are:
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off-network and first-run
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primarily used by radio stations, this is the type of programming that a station chooses to go with in order to attract a specific target audience
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format
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the process of breaking the day into different segments in which there are more or less listeners/viewers
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dayparts
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information that you can quantify/count/measure (gender, age, etc.)
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demographics
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information that is more difficult to define and study because people can lie
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psychographics
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a station that is owned by one of the networks or one of the parent companies of one of the networks; often found in major markets
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O&O (owned and operated) stations
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all of the space used by the radio waves in the air; certain parts of this are blocked off by the government for certain uses
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electromagnetic spectrum
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How FAST a radio wave cycles itself within a particular time (one second) is called its
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frequency
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the unit of measurement for frequency. The word “cycle” means the same thing as this.
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hertz
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A radio station operating at 10 kilohertz has a frequency of how many cycles per second?
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10,000 (ten thousand) hertz.
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a kilo equals what? a mega equals what? a giga equals what?
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kilo = 1,000 / mega = 1 million / giga = 1 billion
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the power or strength of a particular signal
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wattage
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basically means capacity; the amount of information something can send back and forth depends on this
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bandwidth
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What is the difference between the progressive and interlaced scanning methods?
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progressive scans all of the lines at once whereas interlaced scans every other line
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the colors used by television are
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red, green, and blue
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this is the cable typically used by cable systems because it has a lot of bandwidth
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coaxial cable
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the new modern cable, it uses little strands of glass and shoots laser beams through it; this has a ridiculous amount of bandwidth
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fiber-optic cable
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a software technology that compresses and decompresses digital information; taking information and squeezing into a smaller form
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codec
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the first major act for broadcasting
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1927 Radio Act
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set forth the idea that the electromagnetic spectrum is limited and not every person that wants to communicate through radio waves can do it because there are only so many frequencies
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1927 Radio Act
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What are the two major things that the 1927 Radio Act established?
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(1.) the idea of the electromagnetic spectrum being limited and you have to be within PICON (2.) set up the FEDERAL RADIO COMMISSION, which assigned licenses and determined whether people were within PICON
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What was the one thing that the Communication Act of 1934 did?
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it renamed the Federal Radio Commission to the FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION
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The most prominent part of this act was that it allowed telephone companies to offer cable television systems and vice versa.
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1996 Telecommunications Act
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What were the two major things that the 1996 Telecommunications Act did?
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(1) allowed telephone companies to offer cable television systems and vice versa, and (2) loosened/threw out a lot of ownership rules so that a lot of radio and television stations became owned by the same individuals
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the idea that that electromagnetic spectrum is limited; if everyone wanted to communicate by wireless means, there wouldn't be enough space, so this states that it is scarce so we have to determine who can and cannot use certain frequencies and the rules of conduct for them
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scarcity theory
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the idea that radio and broadcast TV is pervasive; it is everywhere so therefore it has to meet certain rules of conduct
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pervasive-presence theory
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out of obscenity and indecency, this is the one protected by the constitution; it is inappropriate language and content that is socially accepted because it is still important to society because it holds value (artistic expression, education, etc.)
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indecency
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the more severe of the two (obscenity and indecency); it is NOT protected by the Constitution and the government can ban and destroy this material
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obscenity
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these were rules that set forth the idea that networks could not own a television series and instead had to license that series for a certain amount of time from different production houses; it is now gone and there is less diversity and program choices
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fin/syn rules (financial and syndication rules)
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the one area where the government does regulate cable is under these; basically the idea that when a cable system comes into a community they have to use their resources so there should only be one franchise that enters under certain conditions (wanting public access, etc.)
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franchise agreement
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a charge on your phone bill that goes toward allowing everyone in the country to have telephone service
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universal service fund
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research looking at numbers and measuring things
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quantitative
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interpretive research
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qualitative
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is the idea that the media doesn’t have the power to tell us how to think but they can tell us what to think about by limiting our choices of discussion
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agenda-setting theory
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the idea that the more you are exposed to things you see on television, the more likely you are to believe that that is the way the real world is.
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cultivation theory
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news reports have to be _____ or else other people will go to another source if the facts are wrong
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accurate
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journalists are supposed to present both sides of the story, a principle known as
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balance
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journalists should keep their stories free from opinion and persuasion and just present the facts, a principle known as
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objectivity
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journalists need to be fair to individuals because they are normal people, a principle known as
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fairness
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the percentage of all televisions IN-USE
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share
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the percentage of ALL televisions
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rating
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a designated _____ area
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market
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True or false? A PPM reads inaudible transmitted signals.
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true
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_____ is the company responsible for the measurement of television ratings
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Nielsen
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the _____ act of 1927 was the first attempt to regulate broadcasting
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Radio
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The _____ was created out of the 1934 Communication Act.
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FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
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Cable systems are _____
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franchised
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PICON = _____
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necessity/Public Interest, Convenience, or Necessity
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True or false? Certain rules allow foreign control of radio.
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false
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True or false? Indecency and obscenity are both unprotected by the constitution.
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false
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Broadcasters must give equal time to politicians.
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probably true, could be false because they have to give equal OPPORTUNITY
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The fairness doctrine *currently* makes stations air opposing viewpoints.
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false
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Broadcasters get a lot of freedom from the government to choose/deny advertisements.
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true?
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Something is in the public _____ after the copyright has expired, which is after the creator has died + 70 years.
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domain
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What are the three main types of wires?
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fiber-optic, coaxial, and twisted pairs
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True or false? Microwave relay towers are 30 miles apart because their short waves are subject to attenuation.
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true
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A satellite's _____ is its coverage area.
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footprint
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the person that is the head of all departments and answers to ownership
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general manager
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a television _____ is “simultaneous broadcasting of an identical program by two or more connected stations.”
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network
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local affiliates are able to make money by selling local spots called
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adjacencies
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according to your book, typically more than half of prime time viewing occurs on _____
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broadcast networks
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electronic media acquire program content from three basic distribution sources:
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local, syndicated, and network
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the two types of syndicated programming are:
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first-run and off-network
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True or false? Radio wave frequency determines wavelength.
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true
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AM radio waves propagate from an antenna by traveling as _____ and _____ waves.
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ground and sky
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FM radio waves propagate from an antenna by traveling as _____ waves
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direct
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takes an all-encompassing look at the power of television to influence people’s perceptions about the world in which they live.
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cultivation theory
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suggests that much learning takes place through observing and modeling the behavior of others
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social learning theory
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when doing an analysis of a target audience, what term describes a listener’s age, gender, etc.?
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demographics
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when doing an analysis of a target audience, what term describes a listener’s behavior or tastes?
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psychographics
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a radio wave is measured in cycles (called hertz) per _____
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second
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This theory states that the more a person watches TV the more they believe what they see on TV
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cultivation theory
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True or false? ABC was originally one of the NBC networks.
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true
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A form of research that interprets a happening is called
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qualitative
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A form of research that measures or counts happening is called
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quantitative
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The name of the stage in which one looks at their data, findings, or results is
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analysis
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The name of the chosen process that one carries out to answer a research question is
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method
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A station that operates at a frequency of 40 mega-hertz is how many cycles per second?
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40 million
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What is the difference between over-the-air networks and cable networks?
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The economic model, basically; cable networks get paid by the cable systems whereas over-the-air networks pay their individual local affiliates to run their programming so that they have a national base to run their advertising.
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The big difference between ratings and shares comes down to:
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households vs. households using televisions (HUTs)
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programming times between 10 PM and 6 AM, which is when indecent programming is allowed because it keeps it away from children, who will conceivably be in bed at this particular time
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safe harbor
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The historical inaccuracy presented in Television: Window to the World was what?
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the video stated deForest was the first person to put voice on the airwaves when it was really Fessenden.
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means that the person that printed the libel knew what they were saying would damage someone and did it intuitionally anyway -- but this is difficult to prove
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“actual malice”
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What is the difference between video and film?
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film is a photochemical process (lightwaves are burnt onto the physical medium of film) whereas video is a digital process -- basically you are recording light and your eyes are reading waves of light.
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film moves at a speed of how many frames per second?
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24
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Why are there broadcast standards?
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because the people that make televisions need to ensure the TV sets play back at the same rate and size as the television cameras that capture those images
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Why are there two parts to ratings -- rating and share?
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If you are a tv executive, you are interested in SHARE since you are competing against other stations and this gives a measure of how you are doing against other stations. Advertisers are more interested in RATINGS since if the number of people using televisions is low, they could be doing something else -- using TV etc.
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the highest paid position at a station is the
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general manager
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the second highest paid position at a station is the
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general sales manager
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Researches now use the term _____ to describe two or more events that appear in a systematic way.
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correlation
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Name one of the five research methods used for testing theories listed by the book.
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Survey, content analysis, lab experiments, field studies, ethnographic studies.
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The head of NBC when it started was
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David Sarnoff
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basically the size of the television screen/orientation
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aspect ratio
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What is a frame rate?
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How many times the image scans per second.
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What does ENG stand for?
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Electronic news gatherers
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At most stations, the two departments that are most active are
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the news department and the production department (the people that actually work in the studio -- cameramen, anchors, etc.)
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when you control all means of production/parts that go into your final product, it is known as
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vertical integration
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What are the two types of wired transmissions?
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landline telephone and cable
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What are the three types of wireless transmissions?
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cell phones (triangles known as cells), satellites, and microwaves
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What are the NTSC standards for aspect ratio, frame rate, and scanning?
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4:3 aspect ratio, 30 fps frame rate, and 525 interlaced for scanning
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What are the ATSC standards for standard-definition televisions?
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4x3 or 16x9 for aspect ratio, 30 fps, and 480 interlaced for scanning
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What are the ATSC standards for high definition televisions?
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16x9 aspect ratio, 24/30/or 60 for frames per second, and 720p or 1080i or 1080p for scanning
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What is the standard film used in most production houses?
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35 mm
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What is the difference between circuit switching and packet (I.P.) switching?
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circuit switching is the analog style of communications -- it basically takes up a certain amount of bandwidth throughout the call, even during silence; with digital/I.P. switching, it takes the signal and breaks things up into small packets of digital information (1s and 0s) and sends them in many directions so that it is not a continuous connection and openings can be used by other conversations
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What are the five major ownership groups?
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Disney, Newscorp, General Electric, CBS Corp, and Time Warner
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