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347 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is frequency measured in? |
Cycles per second |
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How fast does EM travel? |
In a straight line at 186,000 miles per second |
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What has the longest wave lengths? |
Radio waves |
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What has the lowest frequency |
Radio waves |
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What are radio waves primarily used for? |
Communication |
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What are shorter microwaves best used for? |
Transmitting information |
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Which waves are ideal for data links and remote sensing? |
Microwaves |
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Microwaves range between |
1 millimeter and 1 meter in wavelength |
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What are the 3 regions of infrared light? |
Far, mid (intermediate), and near ranges |
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Which infrared waves are usually associated with thermal energy? |
Far infrared waves |
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Which EM waves can we see? |
Visible light waves |
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Name the three regions of the UV part of the spectrum. |
Near UV, Middle UV, and Extreme UV |
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How do the three regions of UV light distinguish themselves? |
By how energetic the UV radiation is and by wavelength of the UV light. |
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As the wavelengths of light decrease, what happens? |
They increase in energy. |
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X-Rays have smaller wavelengths and there for.. |
Have higher energy than UV waves |
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What does x-ray light tend to act like? |
More like a particle than a wave. |
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Which has the smallest waves of any wave in the EM spectrum? |
Gamma Rays |
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Gamma rays frequency and energy |
Extremely high frequency waves and carry a large amount of energy |
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Which waves can pass through most materials? |
Gamma rays and are quite difficult to stop |
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Attenuation |
Is the scattering and absorption of electromagnetic energy. |
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Attenuation is often referred to as? |
Referred to as a loss |
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What does attenuation do? |
Decreases the range of a sensor or communication system. |
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When a wavelength is approximately the diameter of moisture, what happens? |
Part of the electromagnetic energy is lost through attenuation. |
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Transmitting a message over an electromagnetic wave |
Modulation |
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The wave that carries the message is what? |
Carrier signal |
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The three key parameters of a wave that we modify to send a signal are? |
Amplitude (volume), phase (timing), frequency (pitch) |
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What is a modulator? |
A device that performs modulation |
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A device that performs the inverse operation of modulation is known as, what? |
Demodulator or detector |
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A device that can do both, modulation and demodulation is called what? |
Modem or modulator-demodulator |
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What are the common analog modulation techniques? |
Amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) |
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What is a common issue with AM |
Noise, an unintentional interference that exists in the atmosphere |
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Why was FM developed? |
To alleviate AM noise interference |
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Why was FM developed? |
To alleviate AM noise interference |
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What is the most reliable analog method? |
FM |
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Which type of modulation uses a binary format? |
Digital modulation |
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Which type of modulation uses a binary format? |
Digital modulation |
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Digital Vs. Analog in degraded state |
Analog can be received in a degraded state, while digital signals must be fully received to be demodulated at the receiver |
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Increased range and clarity of communication are benefits of what types of waves? |
Microwaves |
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RPA control systems operate in what bands of the microwave spectrum? |
Microwaves C and Ku band of the microwave spectrum |
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Which frequency band uses LOS voice communications |
VHF (30-300MHz) |
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Virtually every aircraft has this type of radio |
VHF |
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Which radio is ideal for short range air-to-air and air-to-ground communications? |
VHF because of its LOS capability |
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Uses for UHF radios |
Coordination in air to air and air to ground operations, SATCOM, secure voice, and data link communication. |
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Why is SHF also known as the centimeter band or centimeter wave? |
Because wavelengths range from ten to one centimeter. |
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Uses for SHF |
Wireless networking, microwave links, satellite TV, and door openers. |
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What is the highest frequency band used for communication purposes? |
EHF (extremely high frequency) |
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This band has a wavelength of ten to one millimeter. |
EHF also known as the millimeter band or millimeter wave. |
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The three main paths that a signal travels are: |
Ground waves Direct waves Sky waves |
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These waves travel along or very near to the surface of the earth. |
Ground waves |
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What regulates frequency allocation along the EM spectrum within the United States? |
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) |
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What is required for ground waves? |
High powered antennas |
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Which frequency travel best along the surface of the earth? |
Low and medium frequencies |
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Ground wave communication is... |
Steady and reliable |
Ground=sturdy |
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These waves radiate from the transmission antenna and travel through the air in a straight line to the receiving antenna. |
Direct waves |
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How do frequencies greater than 30MHz travel? |
By direct wave |
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RPA LOS and Ku satellite control systems operate as what? |
Direct waves |
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What do most RPA voice comms utilize to communicate among combatants on the battlefield? |
Direct waves. |
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How are sky waves transmitted? |
Energy is transmitted upward to the ionosphere. |
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When encryption devices are used what is the signal? And what about when they are not used? |
Signal is secure. And signal is non-secure. |
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What is known as “speaking in the clear”? |
Non-secure comms |
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High frequency ranges |
3-30 MHz |
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What is used to pass sensitive info over clear voice channels? |
Authentication/encryption procedures. |
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What is RAMROD? |
An authentication procedure that allows you to speak in code |
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What kind of comms is AN/ARC-210 capable of having? |
Secure, non-secure, have quick, and SINCGARS |
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In order to use the airborne ARC-210 what must be functioning? |
The C band or Ku Band digital datalink |
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What is frequency hopping? |
It is not encryption, but rather an increase of radio security by rapidly jumping from frequency to frequency. |
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What two types of frequency hopping does the AN/ARC-210 use? |
Have quick and SINCGARS |
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What does have quick operate in? |
UHF (225 through 400 MHz) |
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In order for two have quick radios to communicate, what must the have? |
Identical TOD and net number |
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What does SINCGARS operate in? |
VHF-FM (30-88 MHz) |
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Who is the primary user of SINCGARS? |
The U.S. Army |
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Very high frequency ranges |
30-300 MHz |
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In order for two SINCGARS radios to communicate, what must they have? |
Each radio must have an identical time. |
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What is referred to “speaking in the green”? |
Communication over a secure net |
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What allows for secure communication? |
Using electronic encryption devices. |
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What do the KH-100 provide? |
Typically provides comms up to the secret level. |
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What is the KY-100? |
A communications encryption device that works in conjunction with the airborne ARC-210 to provide secure comm |
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What is the KY-100 capable of? |
Transmitting and receiving: secure voice, analog data, digital data, and remote keying over narrowband or wideband radio |
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Which aircraft is the KY-58 used on? |
RQ-4 |
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How many key codes can the KY-58 store? |
Up to 6 |
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Ultra high frequency ranges |
300-3000 MHz |
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Super high frequency ranges |
3-30 GHz |
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A communications encryption device that works in conjunction with the airborne ARC-210 to provide secure comm |
KY-100 |
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Operational range of HF radios? |
4,000 miles |
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Primary purpose of HF radios |
Long range two way voice or data link communications |
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This type of frequency propagates almost entirely by refraction off the ionosphere. |
HF band (3-30MHz) |
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What does RADAR stand for? |
Radio detection and ranging |
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Who made the largest contribution to the conceivability of radar? |
Heinrich R. Hertz |
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Radar systems transmit a high frequency EM wave, which is referred to as what? |
A pulse |
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Radar systems that continuously transmit RF energy contain how many antennas? |
Two |
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Radars that generate RF in bursts, have how many antennas? |
One |
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Due to its compact design, Which type of radar is typically found on ground and most airborne platforms? |
Burst |
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The act of receiving an RF energy return that has contacted an object |
Detection |
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What is azimuth? |
The direction relative to the location of the radar |
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What is range |
The distance to the Target and nautical miles. |
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What is altitude |
The targets elevation above ground level |
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What is heading |
The direction the target is traveling |
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What is velocity |
The speed the target is traveling |
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The speed the target is traveling relative to the radar. An example would be, a target’s opening or closing rate in relation to the radar system. |
Radial velocity |
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What is range resolution? |
The ability of a radar to distinguish separate targets flying close together |
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What is range definition? |
How accurately the radar can determine range. |
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a method by which a burst radar set is able to create a pulse for transmission into space and allow adequate resting time for reception of reflective energy |
Pulse modulation |
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When talking about pulse modulation, what is the difference between gated on and gated off? |
When it is gated on, the radar is said to be transmitting. When it is gated off, it is generally considered to be in the listening or receiving phase |
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The time that the radar is transmitting the RF energy during each pulse. Pulse duration is measured in microseconds and has a direct impact on radar’s ability to decipher range. |
Pulse duration (PD) |
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The period when the radar is not transmitting. Rather, it is receiving any echo returns that may exist within the radar’s range. |
Resting time (RT) |
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The time from the leading edge of one pulse to the leading edge of the next. This period Includes both pulse duration as well as resting time. (PD+RT) |
Pulse repetition time (PRT) |
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What is pulse repetition frequency? (PRF) |
The number of PRTs per second. It is measured in hertz. |
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In aviation, we typically deal with which types of radar? |
Pulse, pulsed Doppler, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR). |
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Pulse radars |
Pulse systems transmit the necessary long duration, High powered pulses needed to detect targets a great distance away. |
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Due to increase in resting times, what is a negative part of pulse systems? |
The increase in time reduces the efficiency of detecting moving targets. |
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Doppler radars transmit a series of pulses. When echoes are received, the radar compares the frequency of a transmitted pulse against that of the received echo. Any measurable difference indicates movement and is called a what? |
Doppler shift or frequency. |
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All radars can be simplified and functionally divided into how many essential components? |
9 |
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What is a power source? |
This is the origin of any radar signal and operation. |
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What is a synchronizer? |
This is the heart of the radar system. It controls and times the operation of various components of a radar system. |
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What is an oscillator? |
Resonates or oscillates at a specific frequency when struck by voltage. They contain tiny crystals that resonate at a certain frequency when power is applied. |
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What is a transmitter? |
Amplifies the signal received from the oscillator, to a level that is sufficient for transmission and reception. |
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What is a duplexer |
Allows a single antenna to alternately transmit and receive and is found on mobile radar platforms. |
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What is an antenna |
Shapes the RF energy into a beam. After the transmitted pulse strikes an object, The antenna collects the reflected energy and channels the echo back through the duplexer to the receiver for processing and presentation. |
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What is a receiver? |
Amplifies the weak echo return and converts it into an intermediate frequency that can be processed and presented visually on the indicator |
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What is the indicator? |
The indicator has the same function as the picture tube on a television set for monitor and operates in much the same manner. The echoes are processed by the receiver and are converted into digitized displays that can be visually interpreted. |
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What is the controller computer? |
Manages the operation of the radar set. Nothing occurs in the radar set that the computer is not aware of or does not in someway control. |
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Why was SAR introduced? (Synthetic aperture radar) |
It was introduced in the 1950s for high-quality ground mapping. |
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Why was SAR introduced? (Synthetic aperture radar) |
It was introduced in the 1950s for high-quality ground mapping. |
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What does synthetic aperture radar provide? |
It provides operators and commanders with a high-resolution, photo like image of the area of interest, making possible the detection of stationary targets. |
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What is the major limitation on real aperture radar sensors? |
Limited by one major factor, the size of their antenna array. |
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The synthetic aspect of SAR refers to what? |
To a technique used to synthesize a very long antenna by combining signals (echoes) received by the radar as it moves along it’s flight path. |
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How does grayscale work? |
Using a color scale from black to white (grayscale), we assign each distance/strength a color on the scale, the lowest being the darkest. |
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SAR works on what principal? |
It works on the principle of angular definition. Meaning, the more angles at which we shoot the radar, the more accurate the picture will be. |
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How come SAR can “see” through cloudy and dusty conditions that visible instrument cannot? |
Because radar wavelengths are much longer than those of visible light. |
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What category of imagery sensors does radar fall under? |
Radar falls into a category of imagery sensors known as active. |
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What do active sensors do? |
Active sensors are the ones that generate and transmit their own energy source to a target and measure the response. |
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What does the SAR sub system consist of? |
It consists of the transmitter, receiver/exciter/controller (REC), antenna/gimbal, and the SARLN100 inertial navigation system (INS). |
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What is the SAR antenna mounted on? |
It is mounted on the undercarriage of the midfuselage on a two axis gimbal. |
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What is the SAR antenna mounted on? |
It is mounted on the undercarriage of the midfuselage on a two axis gimbal. |
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What three functional elements does the REC consist of? |
The integrated sensor processor(ISP), transmitter, sensor electronics unit(SEU), SARLN100 and the antenna. |
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What does the REC serve as the interface between? |
The integrated sensor processor(ISP), transmitter, sensor electronics unit(SEU), SARLN100 and the antenna. |
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What does the REC serve as the interface between? |
The integrated sensor processor(ISP), transmitter, sensor electronics unit(SEU), SARLN100 and the antenna. |
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What does the receiver element do in the REC? |
It processes and returns to form an image and provides azimuth resolution for ground moving targets. |
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What does the exciter element do in the REC? |
It generates the RF signal for the transmitter. |
It generates the RF signal for the transmitter. |
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What does the controller element do in the REC? |
It provides the overall timing and control of the REC. |
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What does the controller element do in the REC? |
It provides the overall timing and control of the REC. |
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What does the SARLN100 do? |
It updates highly accurate aircraft altitude, position, and velocity data at a relatively high data rate to minimize the difference between the motion sensed by the INS and the motion experienced by the antenna |
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What does the controller element do in the REC? |
It provides the overall timing and control of the REC. |
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What does the SARLN100 do? |
It updates highly accurate aircraft altitude, position, and velocity data at a relatively high data rate to minimize the difference between the motion sensed by the INS and the motion experienced by the antenna |
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Because the SAR antenna is mounted on its own gimbal, it can be tasked simultaneously with either the RQ-4s what? |
electro optical (EO) or infrared (IR) sensors. |
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What does dual tasking of sensors allow? |
It allows the sensor operator to accelerate target collection or provide customers with multiple ways of looking at the same target to ensure they are getting the absolute best quality of information. |
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What does dual tasking of sensors allow? |
It allows the sensor operator to accelerate target collection or provide customers with multiple ways of looking at the same target to ensure they are getting the absolute best quality of information. |
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What is terrain masking? |
It is a spot on the image that is hidden or I’m scared due to surrounding terrain. |
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What is blurring? |
Blurring is an issue when there is movement in the target area, which cannot be mitigated. |
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What is blurring? |
Blurring is an issue when there is movement in the target area, which cannot be mitigated. |
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Technical problems with the sensor May cause spots or? |
Artifacts/imperfections in imagery. |
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How can artifacts/imperfections be mitigated? |
Through sensor calibrations and optimizations. |
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Although SAR is all weather capable, what may degrade image quality? |
Extremely heavy rain or high wind |
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On the MQ9 where is the SAR housed? |
Under the Aircrafts nose |
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What is the MQ-9 generally operated by? |
By the pilot through a software system called CLAW and is available to the pilot on the multifunction workstation (MFW) 1. |
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What does the cross Cue function on the MQ9 do? |
It is a function that slews, or moves, the MQ9 multispectral targeting system (MTS) to a specific point found on a SAR image. |
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What does GMTI provide? |
Detection and surveillance of moving ground targets. |
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GMT I mowed electronically scans what? |
Azimuth relative to the aircraft to determine the location and heading of moving targets. |
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As a target is illuminated by the radar it’s signature will shift within or even out of the image. |
The GMTI mode takes advantage of this to detect moving targets between specific speed threshold and reports them as hits. |
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The RQ4 GMTI modes do not produce an image; however, they do output what? |
they do output detections as dots (hits). |
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GMTI hits are colored according to what? |
According to whether they are inbound or outbound to the source as well as age and velocity. |
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The MQ9 GMTI maximum range is shorter than the SAR imaging modes because GMTI utilizes what? |
A higher pulse rate (4,000 per second, or 4k Hz) than that of the imaging modes. |
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The IR spectrum is divided into three regions, what are they? |
Near, mid, and far. |
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For both the MQ9 and RQ4 IR detection set functions in the...? |
(MWIR) mid wave infrared region. |
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For both the MQ9 and RQ4 IR detection set functions in the...? |
(MWIR) mid wave infrared region. |
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Some upgraded MTS’s can also detect short wave infrared (SWIR) which functions in what spectrum? |
The near spectrum |
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For both the MQ9 and RQ4 IR detection set functions in the...? |
(MWIR) mid wave infrared region. |
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Some upgraded MTS’s can also detect short wave infrared (SWIR) which functions in what spectrum? |
The near spectrum |
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How fast does IR energy travel? |
At the speed of light. |
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For both the MQ9 and RQ4 IR detection set functions in the...? |
(MWIR) mid wave infrared region. |
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Some upgraded MTS’s can also detect short wave infrared (SWIR) which functions in what spectrum? |
The near spectrum |
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How fast does IR energy travel? |
At the speed of light. |
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Whenever radiant energy strikes a target what three things can happen? |
It is reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through the target. |
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For both the MQ9 and RQ4 IR detection set functions in the...? |
(MWIR) mid wave infrared region. |
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Some upgraded MTS’s can also detect short wave infrared (SWIR) which functions in what spectrum? |
The near spectrum |
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How fast does IR energy travel? |
At the speed of light. |
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Whenever radiant energy strikes a target what three things can happen? |
It is reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through the target. |
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Our sensors detect what type of energy? |
Reflected and emitted energy. |
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For both the MQ9 and RQ4 IR detection set functions in the...? |
(MWIR) mid wave infrared region. |
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Some upgraded MTS’s can also detect short wave infrared (SWIR) which functions in what spectrum? |
The near spectrum |
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How fast does IR energy travel? |
At the speed of light. |
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Whenever radiant energy strikes a target what three things can happen? |
It is reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through the target. |
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Our sensors detect what type of energy? |
Reflected and emitted energy. |
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What is emissivity? |
The ability for an object to emit energy is a physical property of the material of which it is made. |
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For both the MQ9 and RQ4 IR detection set functions in the...? |
(MWIR) mid wave infrared region. |
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Some upgraded MTS’s can also detect short wave infrared (SWIR) which functions in what spectrum? |
The near spectrum |
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How fast does IR energy travel? |
At the speed of light. |
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Whenever radiant energy strikes a target what three things can happen? |
It is reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through the target. |
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Our sensors detect what type of energy? |
Reflected and emitted energy. |
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What is emissivity? |
The ability for an object to emit energy is a physical property of the material of which it is made. |
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When evaluating the emissivity of an object, what do we compare it to? |
We compare it to a blackbody at the same temperature. |
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For both the MQ9 and RQ4 IR detection set functions in the...? |
(MWIR) mid wave infrared region. |
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Some upgraded MTS’s can also detect short wave infrared (SWIR) which functions in what spectrum? |
The near spectrum |
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How fast does IR energy travel? |
At the speed of light. |
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Whenever radiant energy strikes a target what three things can happen? |
It is reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through the target. |
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Our sensors detect what type of energy? |
Reflected and emitted energy. |
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What is emissivity? |
The ability for an object to emit energy is a physical property of the material of which it is made. |
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When evaluating the emissivity of an object, what do we compare it to? |
We compare it to a blackbody at the same temperature. |
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What is black body? |
Black body is the standard against which reflectance and absorption is measured. |
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A hypothetical object that absorbs all and reflects none of the radiation that strikes it surface. |
A blackbody |
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This object has a perfect emissivity value of 1.0. |
A blackbody |
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Any object that reflects part of the radiation incident on its surface is called a what? |
A graybody |
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Since the black body is only hypothetical, All real world objects are? |
Graybodies |
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Since the black body is only hypothetical, All real world objects are? |
Graybodies |
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This essentially compares the thermal radiation of a material to a black body. |
Emissivity |
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This calculates the temperature of an object and quantifies the emitted energy over the sensitivity of the detector. |
Emissivity |
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What are the primary factors determining the emissivity of an object? |
Thermal capacity, surface texture, and color energy. |
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This is a measure of how well an object can hold thermal energy. |
Thermal capacity. |
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When talking about surface texture. Objects with a smoothly Polished surface will reflect more IR energy Then objects with a rough surface and will have a? |
Lower emissivity. |
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When talking about surface texture. Objects with a smoothly Polished surface will reflect more IR energy Then objects with a rough surface and will have a? |
Lower emissivity. |
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The color of an object can affect its ability to absorb and reflect. When light strikes an object, it either reflects off or is absorbed. When light is absorbed the temperature of the surface does what? |
Increases |
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When an object is heated, the maximum energy radiated increases and the wavelength of that emitted energy becomes what? |
Shorter |
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All objects above absolute zero radiate what? |
IR radiation. |
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All objects above absolute zero radiate what? |
IR energy. |
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All objects above absolute zero radiate what? |
IR energy. |
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The combination of temperature and emissivity is known as what? |
The radiometric temperature of a body. |
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The sensor operator depends on difference in..what? to distinguish targets from their backgrounds when using the MWIR camera |
Radiometric temperature. |
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Two modes of polarity? |
Black hot / white hot |
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Shortwave infrared (SWIR) sensor replaces what? |
The legacy LLTV camera in the AN/DAS-4 |
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SWI are ranges from 1100 to 1700 nautical miles, which links the visible and thermal bands and is better suited for imaging in what conditions? |
Imaging in adverse weather conditions, including fog, dust, and smoke. |
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What is the tactical advantage of SWIR sensor? |
Is the ability to image laser sources used in military equipment for marking, tagging, pointing, and designating targets, including the LTM and LRD. |
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Which camera is able to view the LRD spot in both day and night operations? |
The SWIR camera. |
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Which camera is able to view the LRD spot in both day and night operations? |
The SWIR camera. |
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This sensor can view the LTM during night ops only. |
SWIR |
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Which camera is able to view the LRD spot in both day and night operations? |
The SWIR camera. |
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This sensor can view the LTM during night ops only. |
SWIR |
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A limitation associated with the medium wave Infrared (MWIR) sensor is what? |
Thermal crossover. |
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This is a natural phenomenon that occurs twice a day, usually during sunrise and sunset. |
Thermal crossover |
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This phenomenon occurs when a heat source departs a location leaving the cooler Surface beneath exposed. The cooler surface appears to the imagery analyst as a dark shadow resembling the original shape of the object. |
Thermal shadow |
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It will often be up to who to discuss how best to mitigate and circumvent obstructions? |
The sensor operator and the pilot. |
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When talking about the MQ9, this assist normal aircraft vibration and movement making those movements almost completely unnoticeable to the sensor operator. Also provides smooth movement to full motion video (FMV). |
MTS provides Gyro-stabilization |
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This software allows the camera to interpret the Geo coordinates on the earth and are displayed on the heads up display. This software allows the sensor operator to receive coordinates from supported units and look at a specific place on the surface of the earth. |
Geo-stabilization software |
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This unit incorporates a cryo-genic compressor that cools it to extremely cold temperatures. |
MWIR camera |
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MWIR camera has a platinum silicide array operating in what range? |
3-5 um wavelength range |
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This camera is equipped with lenses that provide three optical fields of view (FOV). And electronic doubler increases the optical FOV‘s, giving the operator six total optical FOV‘s. Additionally there is a digital enhancement that enables two additional digital FOV‘s. |
MWIR |
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IR energy is received through a turret window by a mirror lens in beam splitter. What does the beam splitter do |
Separates the IR energy and directs it to the IR detector. |
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The IR detector consists of a mosaic array of individual what? |
Charge-coupled device (CCD) elements. |
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To correct for variability The turret performs non-uniformity corrections (NUC) using a what? |
thermal electric thermal reference source (TTRS). |
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This is a thermoelectric cooler assembly providing a temperature controlled surface used to calibrate infrared detector arrays. |
thermal electric thermal reference source. (TTRS) |
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This is a quick touchup for a particular scene. |
NUC 1 |
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This only calibrates the CCD to 1 temperature and this usually takes the system approximately 10 seconds to accomplish. |
NUC 1 |
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This takes three temperatures to provide an even more precise image than NUC 1. |
NUC 3 |
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The NUC-3 process takes how long? |
Between 50-75 seconds |
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When talking about the RQ4 IR is controlled through the Aircrafts what? |
ISS (integrated sensor system) |
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This is part of the EO/IR subsystem within the ISS and is housed in the electro-optical/infrared receiver unit (ERU). |
The IR sensor |
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The ERU is mounted on a closed loop servo-system, located where? (RQ-4) |
Under the forward fuselage directly after the nose. |
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Stabilization and pointing for the ERU is controlled by a scanning and stabilization subsystem consisting of gimbals, gimbal motors, IMC mirrors, gyros, resolvers, associated electronics and software. Which aircraft? |
RQ-4 |
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The IR system uses a, what, to convert the image into electronic information. |
Charge-coupled device (CCD) |
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This has a cryo-genic cooler to maintain the focal plane array at the operational temperature |
The IR sensor |
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Which aircraft?, IR calibration takes up to six minutes to complete and should be accomplished more than 10 minutes after each time the ISS is powered on, after one hour at Mission altitude, hourly when the IR sensor is operating, and as required. |
RQ4 |
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This scientist described light as being in the form of tiny particles forming a stream. |
Sir Isaac Newton |
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In the early 1900s, who developed the quantum theory, introducing the idea that light is extremely small units of matter called photons? |
Max Plank |
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All visible light starts out as what? |
White light. |
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To see color there must be a what for the white light to refract through? |
A lens |
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Light waves travel through space in a straight line. These waves will continue to do so unless what? |
Unless diverted from their original path by either reflection or refraction. |
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This occurs when any form of EM energy encounters a surface that does not absorb energy. The results will cause a “bouncing“ effect of the remaining energy away from the surface. |
Reflection. |
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How do we see with the human eye? |
Reflection of light. |
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Similar to the human eye the cameras associated with the MTS rely almost entirely upon what? |
Reflected light. |
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The deviation of light from its original path because of the speed change is what? |
Refraction |
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The speed at which refracted light travels is dependent upon what? |
The density of the materials through which it travels. |
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Inside your camera is a sensitive array of light detectors called a charge coupled device. The MQ9 has a four megapixel camera that has a square CCD chip that has a size of 2048 x 2048 pixels. What is the RQ4 CCD pixels arranged by? |
1024 x 1024 pixels arranged in rows |
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Inside your camera is a sensitive array of light detectors called a charge coupled device. The MQ9 has a four megapixel camera that has a square CCD chip that has a size of 2048 x 2048 pixels. What is the RQ4 CCD pixels arranged by? |
1024 x 1024 pixels arranged in rows |
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The MTS daytime television (D TV) cameras are capable of detecting signals in the EM spectrum of what? |
From 400nm to 1064 nm |
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To create color image, the MTS has to detect not only the light levels but also the levels of each color. What three colors can produce the full spectrum of all colors? |
Red blue green |
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This is light containing all wavelengths of the visible spectrum. |
White light |
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This is light containing all wavelengths of the visible spectrum. |
White light |
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The function of which component is two separate electronic signals into the three mentioned colors? |
The beam splitter. |
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This is light containing all wavelengths of the visible spectrum. |
White light |
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The function of which component is two separate electronic signals into the three mentioned colors? |
The beam splitter. |
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What is essentially the brain of the aircraft on the MQ9? |
RCM (redundant control module) |
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What is essentially the brain of the aircraft in the RQ4? |
IMMC (integrated mission management computers) |
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This is designed to operate over a wide range of light levels from twilight to full sun. |
Daytime television. (DTV) |
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The daylight television camera produces an S video output, meaning the video signal is separated into what two channels? |
Brightness and color channels |
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This allows the user to see in conditions much too dark for the human eye. |
LLTV (lowlight television) |
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When talking about lowlight television, what measures light intensity and generates a black-and-white full motion video image? |
CCD |
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When talking about a camera this determines how much available light will be allowed to make an image. |
Exposure |
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Improper exposure settings may produce what? |
Poor images |
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What should you never intentionally point the MTS at? |
The sun |
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What should you never intentionally point the MTS at? |
The sun |
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Pointing the MTS at the sun, may render the system in operable for up to how long? |
One minute |
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The RQ-4’s electro-optical (EO) camera is controlled through the what Aircraft system? |
integrated sensor system (ISS) |
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When talking about the RQ for and operating the EO sensor, in an operator in Duste calibration must be accomplished as needed prior to imaging, one hour after sunrise, and as required to maintain proper image quality. And EO calibration takes how long? |
Up to 4 minutes to complete. |
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When talking about the RQ4, the EO sensor is a daytime, good weather sensor, meaning what? |
Meaning that lack of light or heavy weather coverage such as clouds will not produce a satisfactory image |
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This is the process of combining MWIR imagery with either LLTV, SWIR, or DTV to create a video picture containing details from both sensors. |
Image fusion blending. |
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This reduces the operators workload by providing simultaneous overlay of two sources. |
Fusion blending. |
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Fused image settings are input by the sensor operator through the heads Down display or what? |
Pedestal controls |
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What to basic fusion modes are there? |
Manual and auto |
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What are the basic characteristics of the troposphere? |
Temperature, water vapor, wind and pressure |
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What are the four basic types of anomalous propagation |
Sub-refraction, normal refraction, super refraction, and trapping |
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This type of a fraction causes energy waves to be curved upward. Range may be significantly reduced. This essentially going to push the EM energy away from the surface of the earth. |
Sub re-fraction |
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EM waves are curve downward but not as much as the curvature of the earth. The performance of the sensor or radio is generally undisturbed. This is a common and frequent occurrence. |
Normal re-fraction |
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EM waves are curve downward but not as much as the curvature of the earth. The performance of the sensor or radio is generally undisturbed. This is a common and frequent occurrence. |
Normal re-fraction |
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EM waves are curve downward, more sharply than normal, but not as much as the curvature of the earth. Sensor or radio range may be significantly extended. |
Super re-fraction |
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This occurs during extreme super fraction conditions. EM waves are curve downward to be equal or greater then the curvature of the earth. This generally affects radio and microwaves. It can cause the range of a signal to be greatly extended. May also cause radar and communication holes or blind spots. |
Trapping |
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This system is ability to provide a usable picture is also limited by an abundance of ambient light |
Low light television |
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Night sources of ambient air or air, moon, and Starglow. |
FYI |
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Too much illumination from the sun or moon may deem the LL TV what? |
Unusable |
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This is defined as the period before sunrise and after sunset during which there is natural light provided by the upper atmosphere, which receives direct sunlight and scatters part of it towards the Earth’s surface. |
Twilight |
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This allows the horizon to be clearly visible and terrestrial objects perceptible without artificial light. This begins when the geometric center of the sun is 6° below the horizon and ends at sunrise. |
Civil twilight |
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This kind of twilight is when the sun is between 6° and 12° below the horizon. It is often referred to as “first light“. |
Nautical twilight |
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This type of twilight is the time when the center of the sun is between 12° and 18° below the horizon. The sky away from urban light pollution is dark enough for all astronomical observations. |
Astronomical twilight |
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Light that is observed especially during the night which originates in the high atmosphere of the planet. |
Air glow |
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Light that is observed especially during the night which originates in the high atmosphere of the planet. |
Air glow |
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In its simplest form is the point directly below the aircraft. It is mission degrading for the MQ9 but an optimizing point for the RQ4. |
NADIR |
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When talking about the RQ4, and operating the EO/IR sensors on board, what is the preferred method of imaging? |
Nadir |
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This position is impossible as the SAR sensor requires a minimum standoff distance to operate. This is when talking about the RQ4. |
Nadir |
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When speaking of the MQ9, this is defined as an abrupt rotation in the TGP caused by excessive depression angle. |
Nadir |
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When speaking of the MQ9, this is defined as an abrupt rotation in the TGP caused by excessive depression angle. |
Nadir |
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When talking about the MQ9 this should be avoided at all costs and requires close crew coordination to avoid. |
Nadir |
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When speaking of the MQ9, this is defined as an abrupt rotation in the TGP caused by excessive depression angle. |
Nadir |
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When talking about the MQ9 this should be avoided at all costs and requires close crew coordination to avoid. |
Nadir |
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This is the sensor operator’s primary job while flying an RPA mission. |
Guarantee image quality during all phases of flight. |
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When speaking of the MQ9, this is defined as an abrupt rotation in the TGP caused by excessive depression angle. |
Nadir |
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When talking about the MQ9 this should be avoided at all costs and requires close crew coordination to avoid. |
Nadir |
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This is the sensor operator’s primary job while flying an RPA mission. |
Guarantee image quality during all phases of flight. |
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You should accomplish this At the beginning of a mission, or before arriving on a new target. |
You should calibrate cameras and settings to achieve a usable image. |
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When speaking of the MQ9, this is defined as an abrupt rotation in the TGP caused by excessive depression angle. |
Nadir |
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When talking about the MQ9 this should be avoided at all costs and requires close crew coordination to avoid. |
Nadir |
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This is the sensor operator’s primary job while flying an RPA mission. |
Guarantee image quality during all phases of flight. |
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You should accomplish this At the beginning of a mission, or before arriving on a new target. |
You should calibrate cameras and settings to achieve a usable image. |
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The way sensor operator’s control the image on MQ9 is by what? |
Focus, Iris, and zoom. (FIZ) |
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When speaking of the MQ9, this is defined as an abrupt rotation in the TGP caused by excessive depression angle. |
Nadir |
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When talking about the MQ9 this should be avoided at all costs and requires close crew coordination to avoid. |
Nadir |
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This is the sensor operator’s primary job while flying an RPA mission. |
Guarantee image quality during all phases of flight. |
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You should accomplish this At the beginning of a mission, or before arriving on a new target. |
You should calibrate cameras and settings to achieve a usable image. |
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The way sensor operator’s control the image on MQ9 is by what? |
Focus, Iris, and zoom. (FIZ) |
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When talking about the RQ4, How does the sensor operator control the image? |
Iris controls |
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On the MQ9 what two ways is focusing accomplished? |
Linear or nonlinear. |
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On the MQ9 what two ways is focusing accomplished? |
Linear or nonlinear. |
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On the RQ4 how does the sensor operator focus the camera? |
The focus is set to a fixed date through the process of collimation. It does not have an option for the sensor operator to adjust the focus of the camera. |
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This is the process by which electromagnetic energy is lined up to minimize divergence or convergence. |
Collimation. |
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This is the process by which electromagnetic energy is lined up to minimize divergence or convergence. |
Collimation. |
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This is an attribute of visual perception where a source appears to be radiating or reflecting light. It is the amount of light being presented in a picture. |
Brightness |
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This is the difference in visual properties that makes an object distinguishable from the other objects and the background. |
Contrast |
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These are equivalent to brightness and contrast when viewing and IR image. |
Level and gain |
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These are equivalent to brightness and contrast when viewing and IR image. |
Level and gain |
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When using the LL TV, what do we refer to the amount of light allowed in as? |
Exposure |
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What is the goal of using manual iris during weapons engagements? |
To hold a track until the time of impact. |
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When talking about Iris on the RQ4, and either EO or IR, what adjustments are the only option available to SO? |
manual adjustments |
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This feature allows the sensor to view a target closer in without exposing the aircraft and/or compromising the mission. |
Zoom |
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This feature allows the sensor to view a target closer in without exposing the aircraft and/or compromising the mission. |
Zoom |
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This is a method of decreasing (narrowing) the apparent field of view in a digital photograph or video image. |
Digital zoom |
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This feature allows the sensor to view a target closer in without exposing the aircraft and/or compromising the mission. |
Zoom |
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This is a method of decreasing (narrowing) the apparent field of view in a digital photograph or video image. |
Digital zoom |
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This is accomplished by cropping image down to a centered area with the same aspect ratio as the original when calculating the results back up to the pixel dimensions of the original. It is accomplished electronically and no optical resolution is gained in the process. |
Digital zoom |
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What does Doppler shift reveal? |
Target location and radial velocity. |
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IR radiation exhibits properties similar to what? |
Visible light |
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