Elsener Us History 1 Chapter 6

Front 1

Started Standard Oil Company

Back 1

John D Rockefeller

Front 2

Started Carnegie Steel

Back 2

Andrew Carnegie

Front 3

Implies that the business leaders built their fortunes by stealing from the public

Back 3

Robber Barons

Front 4

Society should interfere with competition as little as possible

Back 4

Social Darwinism

Front 5

Complete control of a product of service

Back 5

Monopoly

Front 6

an economic and political philosophy that favors public instead of private control of the means of production

Back 6

Socialism

Front 7

Very common in the 1800’s because 5 percent of them had to bring in money to support their families

Back 7

Child Labor

Front 8

Organization of workers formed to protect the interest of its members

Back 8

Labor Union

Front 9

A person who gives donations to worthy causes

Back 9

Philanthropist

Front 10

Reformer who wrote “How The Other Half Lives”, describing the lives of poor immigrants in NYC in the late 1800’s

Back 10

Jacob Riis

Front 11

Perfector of the electric telegraph.

Back 11

Samuel Morse

Front 12

The transformation from a primarily agricultural society to an industrial society.

Back 12

Industrial Revolution

Front 13

The U.S. experienced the industrial revolution primarily between the ____.

Back 13

Civil War and World War I

Front 14

An explosion of inventions after the Civil War produced a _____.

Back 14

Technological Revolution

Front 15

Gives an inventor exclusive right to make, use, or sell an invention.

Back 15

Patent

Front 16

500,000 were issued between 1860 & 1890, including the typewriter, telephone, & phonograph.

Back 16

Patents

Front 17

Developing technology required not only ingenuity but also ______.

Back 17

financial backing

Front 18

First to drill for oil in 1859.

Back 18

Edwin L. Drake

Front 19

At first oil refineries transformed crude oil into ____.

Back 19

kerosene

Front 20

Until the invention of the automobile it was seen as a waste product and thrown away.

Back 20

Gasoline

Front 21

In 1876, he moved his "invention factory" to Meno Park, New Jersy.

Back 21

Thomas Edison

Front 22

Had over 1000 patents issued in his name.

Back 22

Thomas Edison

Front 23

Developed the first practical incandescent light bulb.

Back 23

Thomas Edison

Front 24

Developed the idea of a central power station or power plant.

Back 24

Thomas Edison

Front 25

He developed a system of using alternating current.

Back 25

George Westinghouse

Front 26

Could be generated more cheaply and travel longer distance than direct current.

Back 26

alternating current

Front 27

Developed a transformer which allowed electricity to be sent over long distances.

Back 27

George Westinghouse

Front 28

By the early 1890s investors had used Edison and Westinghouses inventions to createt two companies ________.

Back 28

General Electric and Westinghouse Electric

Front 29

Electricity improved productivity and transformed the nature of the ______.

Back 29

workplace

Front 30

The electric sewing maching led to the growth of the _____.

Back 30

ready made clothing industry

Front 31

Electricity made the refrigerator possible which improved the ______.

Back 31

preservation of foods

Front 32

After the Civil War, several telegraph companies joined together to form ____.

Back 32

Western Union Telegraph

Front 33

Inventor of the telephone.

Back 33

Alexander Graham Bell

Front 34

Railroad which linked Omaha, NE to Sacramento, California.

Back 34

Transcontinental Railroad

Front 35

The Central Pacific and the Union Pacific Railroads buiilt the _______.

Back 35

Transcontinental Railroad

Front 36

To avoid confusion the confusion on arrival and departure times the railroads adopted __.

Back 36

time zones

Front 37

Helped stimulate industrialization by; faster transportation, lowering cost of production, creating national markets, modeling big business, and stimulating other industries.

Back 37

railroads

Front 38

Made it much easier and cheaper to remove the impurities from iron to produce steel.

Back 38

Bessemer process.

Front 39

Lighter, stronger and more flexible than iron.

Back 39

steel

Front 40

The Bessemer process made the mass production of steel possible which led to a new age of ____.

Back 40

building

Front 41

When it was completed in 1883 it was a testimony of the United states inventive genius and hard work.

Back 41

Brooklyn Bridge

Front 42

The growth of industry required large amounts of ___.

Back 42

capital

Front 43

To raise capital business leaders often combined funds and resources to create large companies or _______.

Back 43

big business

Front 44

Negative term for leaders of big business.

Back 44

Robber Barons

Front 45

Positive term for leaders of big business.

Back 45

Captains of Industry

Front 46

Carnegie's belief that people should be free to make as much money as they can, but after they make it they should give it away.

Back 46

Gospel of Wealth

Front 47

Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner were leading proponents of _______.

Back 47

Social Darwinism

Front 48

Belief that those who were most "fit" would succeed and become rich.

Back 48

Social Darwinism

Front 49

Belief that society as a whole would benefit from the success of the fit and the weeding out of the unfit.

Back 49

Social Darwinism

Front 50

Belief that government should do nothing to help the "unfit" in society.

Back 50

Social Darwinism

Front 51

Larger pools of capital, Wider geographic span, broader range of operations, revised role of ownership, and new methods of management.

Back 51

new characteristic of big business

Front 52

A few profitable companies dominate an industry.

Back 52

oligopoly

Front 53

One company controls an industry.

Back 53

monopoly

Front 54

Laws passed to limit monopolistic practices had ____.

Back 54

limited success

Front 55

A loose association of businesses that make the same product and agree to limit supply to keep prices high.

Back 55

cartel

Front 56

Founded the first steel plants to use the Bessemer process.

Back 56

Andrew Carnegie

Front 57

Gaining control of all the businesses that make up the pases of a product's development.

Back 57

vertical consolidation

Front 58

Carnegie Steel engaged in ______.

Back 58

vertical consolidation

Front 59

In 1870 he and several associates formed the Standard Oil Company of Ohio.

Back 59

John D. Rockefeller

Front 60

Bringing together many firms in the same business.

Back 60

horizontal consolidation

Front 61

Through horizontal consolidation he gained control of nearly all U.S.' oil production and distribution.

Back 61

John D. Rockefeller

Front 62

A group of separate companies that are placed under the control of a single managing board.

Back 62

trust

Front 63

Was used by Rockefeller to get around anti-monopolistic laws.

Back 63

trust

Front 64

In 1890 it outlawed any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce.

Back 64

Sherman antitrust Act

Front 65

For its its first 15 years the Sherman antitrust act was _____.

Back 65

ineffective

Front 66

The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.

Back 66

urbanization

Front 67

Immigration and urbanization combined to increase the size of ____.

Back 67

cities

Front 68

Workers received a fixed amount for each finished piece they produced.

Back 68

piecework

Front 69

Most piecework was performed in a shop where employees worked long hours at low wages.

Back 69

sweatshops

Front 70

Each person performs a different task in production.

Back 70

Division of Labor

Front 71

Factory work was often monotonous and ____.

Back 71

dangerous

Front 72

As harsh as factory work was it often provided more hope than could be found ___.

Back 72

elsewhere

Front 73

Was often used by factories in the 1800s because families needed the income.

Back 73

child labor

Front 74

In the 1880s made up 5% of the industrial labor force, nearly 1 in 5 between the ages of 10 and 16 were employed.

Back 74

child labor

Front 75

Reformer who wrote Children of the Poor & How the Other Half Lives describing child labor and harsh working conditions in factories.

Back 75

James Riis

Front 76

The work of James Riis and others led to laws limiting the practice of ____.

Back 76

child labor

Front 77

Because of Social Darwinism many thought that offering relief to the poor would encourage___.

Back 77

idleness.

Front 78

In 1890 what percentage of the nation's wealth was held by the wealthest 9%?

Back 78

75%

Front 79

Economic and political system which favors public instead of private control of the means of production.

Back 79

socialism

Front 80

Society at large not just private individuals, should take charge of a nation's wealth.

Back 80

socialism

Front 81

Believes that a nations wealth should be distributed equally to everyone.

Back 81

socialism

Front 82

Individual who called for a more radical socialism.

Back 82

Karl Marx

Front 83

Written in 1848, by Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels, denounced the capitalist system, both predicted and called for a workers revolt.

Back 83

Communist Manifesto

Front 84

A small percentage of U.S. workers were socialist, most U.S. workers wanted to work within the system by forming ______.

Back 84

labor unions

Front 85

First national labor organization, survived only a few years and was destroyed by the depression of 1837.

Back 85

National Trades Union

Front 86

Stong local unions resurfaced after the ____.

Back 86

Civil War

Front 87

National labor union formed in 1869, hoped to organize all working men and women, skilled and unskilled, into a single union.

Back 87

Knights of Labor

Front 88

Sought equal pay for equal work, an 8 hour day, and an end to child labor. They did not emphasize higher wages as their primary goal.

Back 88

Knights of Labor

Front 89

National labor union that sought to organize only skilled workers in a network of smaller unions, each devoted to a specific craft.

Back 89

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Front 90

First leader of the American Federation of Labor.

Back 90

Samule Gompers

Front 91

Focused mainly on issues of worker's wages, hours, and working conditions.

Back 91

American Federation of Labor

Front 92

Relied on economic pressure, such as strikes and boycotts against employers.

Back 92

American Federation of Labor

Front 93

Workers negotiate as a group with employers.

Back 93

collective bargaining

Front 94

A workplace in which only union members would be employed.

Back 94

closed shop

Front 95

In 1905, in Chicago, 43 groups opposed to the AFL founded the ______.

Back 95

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Front 96

The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) were also called the ______.

Back 96

Wobblies

Front 97

Focused on unskilled workers, was a radical union that included many Socialists among its leadership.

Back 97

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Front 98

Often took measures to stop unions.

Back 98

employers

Front 99

A contract in which a worker promised to never join a union or go on strike.

Back 99

"yellow dog" contract

Front 100

First major nationwide strike in the U.S.

Back 100

Railroad strike of 1877

Front 101

Violence from the Railroad strike of 1877 resulted in more than ______.

Back 101

100 deaths

Front 102

President Hayes sent in federal troops to subdue angry mobs and restore order.

Back 102

Railroad strike of 1877

Front 103

From the Railroad strike of 1877 on, employers relied on Federal and state troops to repress labor unrest. A new and violent era had begun in _____.

Back 103

labor relations

Front 104

Organize workers from all crafts in a given industry.

Back 104

industrial unions

Front 105

Formed the American Railway Union in 1893 to include all railroad workers skiled and unskilled.

Back 105

Eugene Debs

Front 106

Negative term for workers called in to replace striking workers.

Back 106

scabs

Front 107

In 1886, workers in Chicago held a rally to protest police brutality against strikers at the ___.

Back 107

Haymarket Square

Front 108

Anarchists joined the strikers and gave fiery speeches at the _____.

Back 108

Haymarket rally

Front 109

Radicals who oppose all government (believe all government is evil).

Back 109

Anarchists

Front 110

A bomb was thrown into a police formation the resulting resulting riot killed dozens on both sides in 1886.

Back 110

Haymarket riot

Front 111

Resulted in 8 anarchists being tried for conspiracy to commit murder and four being executed.

Back 111

Haymarket riot

Front 112

Were blamed by the press for the Haymarkete riot and thus went into decline.

Back 112

Knights of Labor

Front 113

In 1892, steelworkers staged a strike against Carnegie Steel Company.

Back 113

Homestead strike

Front 114

When 300 Pinkertons arrived to breakup the strike a shootout resulted in several deaths.

Back 114

Homestead strike

Front 115

Actually built a town for for workers who built his luxury sleeping car.

Back 115

George Pullman

Front 116

After workers came to George Pullman to protest a 25% wage cut in 1894 he _____.

Back 116

fired 3 workers.

Front 117

When his workers went on strike Pullman refused to bargin and ___.

Back 117

shutdown the plant

Front 118

When Eugene Debs and the United Railway Union joined the boycott against Pullman Palace Cars railroad traffic in Chicago was ___.

Back 118

crippled

Front 119

The Pullman Strike disrupted the delivery of __.

Back 119

mail

Front 120

Arguing that the mail had to get through and that the strike violated the the Sherman Antitrust act, the Attorney General won a court order forbidding all union activity that halted ____.

Back 120

railroad traffic

Front 121

When strikers refused to obey the injunction against the Pullman strike, Debs was arrested and federal troops crushed the _____.

Back 121

strike

Front 122

After the Pullman strike factory owners frequently appealed for _________ against unions.

Back 122

court orders (injunctions)

Front 123

The official government opposition after the Pullman strike helped limit union gains for more than _____.

Back 123

30 years