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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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change of allele frequencies in a population over time
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evolution
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the process by which evolution occurs
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natural selection
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group interbreeding organisms at the same time and place
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population
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Does evolution occur at the individual level?
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No
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Charles Darwin
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-his ideas were influenced by many others
-took years and a push by Wallace to publish his findings -combined travel and OBSERVATION |
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Darwin observations
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finch (bird) species looked similar but after further observation were different
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mutation (3)
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-change in DNA
-caused by mutagens or random -USUALLY causes early death or reduced reproductive success |
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random changes in allele frequency
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genetic drift
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The founding members of a new population can have different allele frequencies than the original source population, and consequently, the new population experiences evolution.
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founder effect
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the surviving members of a catastrophic event an have different allele frequency's than the source population, and consequently, the new population experiences evolution
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bottleneck effect
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migration (2)
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-sharing genetic information
-essential to diversity |
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3 rules for natural selection
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1. variation for a trait
2. variation must be inheritable 3. differential reproductive success |
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3 reproduction success
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-species produce excess numbers
-competition -some are more successful or fit |
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how do you get 'fit'? and 2 examples
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Adaption
-features of organisms that allow them better survival -not just working toward perfection |
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shaping traits of a population: producing cows with higher milk production
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directional selection
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shaping traits of a population: human birth weight
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stabilizing
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shaping traits of a population: selective pressure on fish
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disruptive
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current time
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Cenozoic
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age of the dinosaurs
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mesozoic
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oldest time
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Paleozoic
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relative vs. absolute dating
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the deepest layer is oldest, but by how much?
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evaluate amount of certain radioactive isotopes present in fossils
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radiometric dating
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continental drift (6)
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-plates of crust always moving (earthquakes and volcanoes)
-broke apart in Mesozoic -geographic isolation and organisms changed -evidence: matching fossils in distant continents -huge super continent in Paleozoic -triggered ocean currents and ocean temp. change |
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distribution patterns of living organisms
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marsupials in Australia have come to resemble each other as natural selection has adapted them to similar habitats
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archeopteryx
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reptile/bird: claws, feathers, long bony tail
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tiktaalik
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amphobian/fish: fins turning into fingers and toes
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homologous bone structure
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the similarities in the bone structure in the forelimbs of mammals demonstrate common ancestory
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what are evolutionary leftovers? 3 examples
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vestigial structures
-eye sockets with no eyes in cave fish -molars in vampire bats -pelvic bones in whales and pythons |
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different "starting material"
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analogous structures
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molecular evidence
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we ALL share the same nitrogenous bases
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what shapes natural selection
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behavior
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what is an example that natural selection shapes behavior
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we are pre-programmed to love fat and sugar
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3 behaviors
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-response to a stimulus
-environmental change or another's action -instinctual vs. learned vs. hormonal |
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-songs change during breeding season
-gonads atrophy during non-breeding season |
hormonal behaviors of birds
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-responding to release (aka stimulus)
-a geese continues to roll the egg around even if there is no egg in the nest |
instinctual behaviors
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application of knowledge from previous experience
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learned behaviors
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-no apparent reinforcement
-birds must learn everything on their own without human health |
learned behavior: imprinting
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-alarm calls to warn fellow specie families
-bats giving their blood to other bats, expecting a favor |
altruistic behavior
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-helps to drive evolution
-selection and investment -males drive to populate |
mating behavior
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pheromones
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chemical communication
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alarm calls, mating calls
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acoustical communication
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feather color, dominance displays, dancing
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visual communication
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an advantage of group living
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better defense
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benefit of herds, flocks
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confusion effect in fish schools
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-learning
-not only from family but members of group |
advantages of group living
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-members on outside
-predator risk -competition for resources -carrying capacity more rapidly exceeded -disease/parasites |
disadvantages of group living
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do daily routine
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circadian routine
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routine at a certain time of the year
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circannual rhythm
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how to migrating birds know where to go?
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recognize landmarks
compass sense sun position of stars magnetic field |
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migration of the artic tern
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winter and summer home are 11,000 miles apart
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what was the earth like 4.5 BYA
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-no oxygen
-volcanic activity -carbon hydrogen nitrogen (produces molecules easily) -super hot planet -cooling over time produces oceans |
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where are the oldest rocks (3.8 BYA)
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Greenland
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when was the oldest evidence of life?
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3.4 BYA
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result of urhey-miller experiment
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many organic molecules, including 5 amino acids,
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self-replicating molecules
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-molecule part of RNA can function as enzyme
-enzymes catalyze reactions for replication |
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RNA world hypothesis
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the world may have been filled with RNA-based life before it became filled with DNA-based life as we see today
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3 phases i which life originated on earth
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1.small molecules containing carbon and hydrogen
2.self-replicating, information-containing molecules 3.a membrane, enabling metabolism and creating their first cells |
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what can form in water in units resembling modern cells?
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phosopholipids
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what is the largest relative time span of eras?
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pre-cambrian
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what was here first?
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prokaryotes
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what is each era marked by?
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mass extinction and mass diversification
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what is 85% of our biological history
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aquatic
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who colonized on land first? second?
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plants and fungi
then animals had food |
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3 theories of extinction
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climate
asteroid hunting pressure |
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who disappeared at end of Paleozioc
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95% of species
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who disappeared at the end of the mesozoic
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large reptiles
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who disappeared at the end of cenozoic
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large mammals
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interbreeding of population whose offspring can ALSO reproduce
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species
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pre-zygotic barriers
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individuals are physically unable to mate with each other
or male productive cell is unable to fertilize the female cell |
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post-zygotic barriers
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mating of hybrids that do not survive long after being fertilized
or hybrid has offspring that survive but at infertile or reduced fertility |
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who developed binomial nomenclature
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Carolus Linnaeus
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3 prop. of binomial nomenclature
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-latin and descriptive
-first word capitalized, second word lower case -first word=genus, second word=specific epithet |
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the organization of life (8)
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domain
kingdom phylum class order family genus species |
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populations diverge enough genetically that they no longer able to interbreed
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allopatric speciation
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-more common plants (rare in animals) because they have more chromosomes
-results in the reproductive isolation of populations that coexist i the same area |
sympatric speculation
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what does an evolutionary tree show?
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-which groups are more closely related to which groups
-way to map ancestor-descendants relationships |
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evolution by "jerks" followed by slowing
ex. mollusk changes significantly for 50,000 years and the doesn't change for 3 million |
punctuated equilibrium
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