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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What shape are the kidneys.
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bean
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Where are the kidney's located?
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12 Thoracic and 3rd Lumbar vertebrae
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Which kidney is higher?
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left
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Where is the bladder located in the male? female?
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Male: against rectum
Female: behind uterus |
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An average bladder can hold ___ mL of urine.
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600
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What structure is attached to the kidneys?
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ureters
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What is the function of the ureters?
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carry waste to the bladder
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Where do you find sterile urine?
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Ureters
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Approx. How long is the ureter in the male? female?
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Male: 20 cm
Female: 4-6 1/2 cm |
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Structure that carries urine out of the body
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Urethra
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What are the 3 sections of the male urethra?
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Prostatic, Membranous, Penile
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Approx. how much urine does the average person produce a day?
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1-2 L
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What is urine made up of?
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95% water, 5% solute
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Name some of the solutes found in urine.
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Urea, uric acid, creatine, ammonia
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What is the function of the nephrons?
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remove waste from kidney
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What percent of cardiac output runs through the kidney's?
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25%
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What is the glomerus?
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cluster of capillaries
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How many L. of blood flow through the nephrons daily?
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180 L
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What does the glmerus filter?
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glucose
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What is proteinuria?
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Protein in the urine
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How does alcohol increase Urinary Output?
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Stops the anti-dierutic hormone?
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What substance found in drinks ups UOP?
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caffeine
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What is urinary retention?
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accumulation of urine in the bladder because the bladder cannot empty
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S/S of urinary retention
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feeling of pressure, discomfort, tenderness over symphasis pubis restlessness
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what are some factors that effect urinary elimination?
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growth and development, disease, mobility
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How many mL of urine make for a distended bladder?
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> 1000mL
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What causes urinary retention?
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enlarged prostate, urethral stricture, SCI, emotional, anxiety, meds.
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Interventions for distended bladder
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up fluid intake, increase activity,catheterization
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What percent of all nosocomial infects are UTI's?
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36-40%
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What is bacteriuria?
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bacteria in urine
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What are some causes of UTI's?
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up fluid intake, antibiotics, teaching
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What are the types of incontinence?
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total, functional, stress, urge, reflex
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What is total incontinence?
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no control of elimination, constant and unpredictable
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Is functional incontinence voluntary or involuntary?
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involuntary
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What is stress incontinence caused by?
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increased abdominal pressure
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What are the symptoms of stress incontinence?
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dribbling of urine, urgency
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Name some situations where stress incontinence can occur.
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While coughing, laughing, vomitting, pregnancy
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What causes Urge incontinence?
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decrease in bladder capacity
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What are some symptoms of Urge incontince?
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urgency and frequency
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What causes reflex incontinence?
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spinal injury or disease
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Does a person with relex incontinence have an urge to void?
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NO
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What happens with reflex incontinence?
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the bladder spasms at regular intervals
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Which type of incontinence is easiest to control?
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Urge
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What are the two types of urinary diversions?
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continent and incontinent
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What procedure is done with an incontinent diversion?
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ureterostomy
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What is a ureterostomy?
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surgical procedure creating a stoma on outer wall for continuous urine drainage
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What do they do for a continent urinary diversion?
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make a continent pouch inside the abd.
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What is a continent pouch?
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pouch inside abd where urine is stored until pt. cateterizes and removes
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What is a continent pouch made from?
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bowel
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What are some problems with both the continent and incontinent diversions?
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Skin breakdown and fluid and electrolyte imbalance
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What is the main bacteria that causes UTI's?
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E-Coli
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Where can UTI's occur?
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anywhere on the urinary tract
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What is urgency?
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immediate need to void
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What can cause urgency?
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full bladder and/or UTI
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What is Dysuria?
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painful urination
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What causes dysuria?
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bladder inflammation and trauma
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What is frequency?
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voiding in short intervals
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What can cause frequence?
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increased fluid intake, pressure on bladder, pregnancy
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What is hesitancy?
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difficulty starting urination
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What can cause hesitancy?
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enlargement of prostate and anxiety
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What is polyuria?
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voiding large amounts
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What can cause polyuria?
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excess fluid intake, D.M.
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What is oliguria?
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decreased urine output
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What is a continent pouch made from?
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bowel
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What are some problems with both the continent and incontinent diversions?
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Skin breakdown and fluid and electrolyte imbalance
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What is the main bacteria that causes UTI's?
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E-Coli
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Where can UTI's occur?
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anywhere on the urinary tract
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What is urgency?
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immediate need to void
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What can cause urgency?
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full bladder and/or UTI
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What is Dysuria?
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painful urination
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What causes dysuria?
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bladder inflammation and trauma
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What is frequency?
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voiding in short intervals
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What can cause frequence?
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increased fluid intake, pressure on bladder, pregnancy
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What is hesitancy?
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difficulty starting urination
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What can cause hesitancy?
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enlargement of prostate and anxiety
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What is polyuria?
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voiding large amounts
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What can cause polyuria?
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excess fluid intake, D.M.
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What is oliguria?
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decreased urine output
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What causes oliguria?
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dehydration, renal failure
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What is nocturia?
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increase in urine output during the night
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What causes nocturia?
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excess fluids (esp around bedtime)and caffeine
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What is hematuria?
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blood in the urine
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What causes hematuria?
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neoplasms of the kidney, glomerular disease
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What do you monitor when assessing Urinary Ouput?
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Intake and Output of the patient
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What does intake include?
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IV, oral - including soups, coffee, jello, broth, and ice
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What does output include?
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NG tubes, chest tube, JP (and other) drains, foley catheters, elimination
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What does the color of urine look like?
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pale straw to amber in color
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What can change the color of urine?
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concentration and hematuria
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What is the clarity of urine?
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after voiding - tranparent
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When can urine be cloudy?
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after it sits awhile, when there is bacteria present, and during renal failure
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What odor does urine have?
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ammonia
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What is a urinalysis?
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client urinates in cup and it is sent to the lab
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Which urine test is not sterile?
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urinalysis
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What is a midstream urine test?
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"clean catch" start to void before catching urine in "midstream"
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What is a C and S test?
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culture and sensitivity
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Where must a C & S test come from?
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catheter
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How does a 24 hr urine test work?
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start time, waste 1st sample, keep the rest for 24 hr period, keeping the last sample
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What is a KUB?
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kidneys, ureters and bladder x-ray showing gross anatomy
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What is an IVP?
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Intravenous pyelogram
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What does an IVP allow the physician to do?
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view entire urinary system and assess renal function
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Does an IVP use dye injection
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yes
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What are some reactions a patient may have from the dye in an IVP?
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factial flushing, dizziness
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What specific allergy should you look for before doing an IVP?
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iodine
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What is a renal scan?
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indirect visualization of urinary tract
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What is injected in a renal scan?
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radio isotopes
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What information does a renal scan give you?
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info about blood flow and anatomical structures
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When is a renal scan indicated?
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in clients unable to have IVP
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What is a computerized axial tomography used for?
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to obtain detailed image with in a certain plain
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What can you visualize with a CT?
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tumors, obstructions, retroperitoneal masses, and lymph node enlargement
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What is a renal ultrasound?
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painless, non-invasive diagnostic tool to assess urinary disorders
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What does a renal ultrasound identify?
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gross renal anatomy and structure, abnormalities of kidney and lower UT
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What is an angiogram/arteriogram?
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invasive radiographic procedure using a contrast material to outline the vascular supply to the kidneys
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What is catheterization?
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introducing a tube through urethra into bladder to drain urine
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What are the types of catheterizations?
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intermittent and indwelling
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What is an intermittent catheter?
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straight cath to drian urine - not permanent
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What is an indwelling catheter?
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a long term cather used for bladder emptying
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