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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Emergent readers understand the alphabetic principle if they are able to: |
recognize that letters in written words represent the sounds in spoken words. |
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Morphological awareness is
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the recognition, understanding, and use of word parts that carry significance.
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Open Syllables |
Nothing comes after the vowel. "The" |
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Closed Syllables |
A vowel is followed by a consonant. "Cap" "Absent" |
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Phoneme
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a speech sound. It is the smallest unit of language and has no inherent meaning.
s/u/n |
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What are graphic organizers used for? |
used for....Visual representations in text. these are used to assist in understanding text. these visually display information that summarize a key text idea or re-represents information from the text. These visuals highlight important information from the text and aid readers in understanding and remembering it. |
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What are some types of graphic organizers? |
story maps, flowcharts, Venn diagrams, or semantic maps |
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foreshadowing is... |
is a hint of things to come later in the story. For example, a diary hidden in a drawer early in the story might show a future secret. |
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Examples of ORAL LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT are... |
These are examples of....what? Informal conversations. Time to talk about things that interest and excite children.Language play. Exploring rhythms, sounds, and tones that young children delight in as they work and play.Rhymes and song. Experiences rich in rhythm and rhyme encourage children to play with words.Stories. Children discover new words and meanings as they listen to good stories—either told or read aloud.Group talk. Times during the day when conventions of shared conversations are learned and practiced. |
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language experience approach (LEA) is what? what is the LEA used for? |
this is engaging children in dictated stories this is used to show that print is talk written down, it is used to develop skills of emergent readers |
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The three steps of listening process are... |
These are the steps of....? receiving, attending, and assigning meaning. |
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Pre-listening is.... |
This is when.... children bring different background knowledge and experiences to listening activities. Teachers can activate what students already know to what they are going to hear. Simply being told the topic is not enough. |
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Phonological awareness is... |
________________ is an understanding that words are composed of sound units and that sound units can be combined to form words. ________________ skills include detecting and identifying word boundaries, syllables, and rhyming words. _________________ is an auditory-based set of skills that aids children in moving from speech to print |
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Phonological awareness is .... |
________________ is understanding that language is composed of sounds and the understanding of the relationship of these sounds, such as rhyming, and identifying sound units such as words in sentences, syllables, onsets, and rimes. |
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Alphabetic principle |
letters represent sounds in spoken words is... |
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Onset
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The part of the word before the vowel [Sp] Spagetti |
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Onset-Rime
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An example of... [unshine] s-unshine |
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Rime |
The part of the word including the vowel and what follows it. Example - [oday] T-oday |
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Comprehension Strategies |
- Predicting - Think-alouds - Graphic organizers - Questions - Summerizing |
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Phoneme isolation - Is a phonemic awareness skill. It is .... |
—recognizing the individual sounds in words. For example, "Tell me the first sound you hear in the word top (/t/). |
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"Phoneme identity - Is a phonemic awareness skill. |
—recognizing the common sound in different words. For example, "Tell me the sound that is the same in pig, pot, and pie (/p/)." |
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Phoneme substitution - Is a phonemic awareness skill
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—turning one word into another by substituting one phoneme for another. This can take place for initial sounds (top-mop), middle sounds (top-tap) or ending sounds (top-tot). |
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Oral segmenting - Is a phonemic awareness skill |
—identifying the individual sounds of a word. For example, knowing that the word top is composed of the phonemes /t/, /o/, and /p/. |
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Oral blending— Is a phonemic awareness skill |
being able to blend phonemes into words. For example, if the teacher says the phonemes /t/, /o/, /p/, the children respond with the word top. |
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Phoneme deletion— Is a phonemic awareness skill |
being able to identify a sound that has been deleted from a word. For example, the teacher says the word top and asks the children to repeat it. Then he or she instructs the children to repeat the word leaving out one of its sounds. |
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Three Branches of Government are... |
Legislative—the power to create laws Executive—the power to administer the law Judicial—the power to interpret laws and settle disputes |
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Authoritarian Governments are what? |
A small group of people or singular person creates, administers, and interprets laws. oldest and most common form of law |
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Democratic Government is what? |
laws are created, administered, and interpreted by the people |
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autocracies is defined how? |
A singular person controls the government |
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Oligarchies are what? |
A small group of people control the government |
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Direct Democracy is what |
The people themselves gather to create laws and govern the community. Only works in very small communities. This is what type of democracy? |
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indirect democracy a.k.a representative democracy is what? |
A representative is voted on by the people to make choices for them. Works better with a large population. This is what type of democracy? |
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In a small New England community, political power is exercised by the citizens without representatives acting of their behalf. What type of government is this? |
direct democracy |
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In what type of government is political power concentrated in a small group of leaders, typically unelected, who possess exclusive power? |
oligarchy |
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Which of the following contemporary governments is a good example of an authoritarian government? -sweden, canada, australia, north korea |
north korea |
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Where is the political power concentrated in a democratic government, such as that of the United States? -congress, the president, supreme court, the people |
the people |
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Article 1 of the constitution defines |
the legislative branch and The ability of congress to legislate (make laws) |
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Congress is made up of what two branches |
senate and house of representatives |
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Article 2 of the constitution defines |
the president as the executive branch and he enforces the laws of the land |
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Article 3 of the constitution defines the |
Judicial branch which is the supreme court and all inferior courts |
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These powers are reserved to what level of government? Print money Regulate interstate (between states) and international tradeMake treaties conduct foreign policy Declare war Provide an army and navy Establish post offices Make laws necessary and proper to carry out these powers |
National Government |
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These powers are reserved to what level of government? Issue licenses Regulate intrastate (within the state) businesses Conduct elections Establish local governments Ratify amendments to the Constitution Take measures for public health and safety Exercise powers the Constitution does not delegate to the national government or prohibit the states from using |
State government |
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These powers are reserved to what level of government? Collect taxes Build roads Borrow money Establish courts Make and enforce laws Charter banks and corporations Spend money for the general welfare Take private property for public purposes, with just compensation |
Shared by state and national government |
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The United States government system shares power among national, state, and local governments. What is that system called? |
federalism |
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Which powers are not held by the states under our federal system? regulate intrastate commerce collect taxes build roads print currency |
Print currency |
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Which of these is not a power of the federal government? declare war build roads ratify amendments to the Constitution print money |
ratify amendments to the constitution: Once an amendment passes through the Congress on a two-thirds vote, the amendment goes to the states. When three-quarters of the states pass the amendment, it is considered a part of the Constitution; it has been ratified. |
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The branches of the United States government are: |
executive, judicial, legislative |
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The three branches of the federal government share powers. What is this process called? |
checks and balances |
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Article 1 of the Constitution: |
describes the power of congress |
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Amendment 1 states: |
Freedom of (or from) religion; freedom of speech; freedom to assemble; freedom to petition the government. |
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Amendment 2 states: |
Right to bear arms |
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Amendment 3 states: |
Freedom from quartering solders |
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Amendment 4 states |
Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures; warrants must only be issued upon probable cause, and shall be specific. |
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Amendment 5 states |
Criminal indictments must be by grand jury; freedom from double jeopardy; freedom from testifying against oneself; right to due process; right of just compensation for takings. |
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Amendment 6 states |
Right to speedy trial; right to impartial jury; right to be informed of the charges upon which the accused is held; right to face accusers; right to produce witnesses for the accused; right to legal counsel. |
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Amendment 7 states |
Right to jury trial in civil cases. |
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Amendment 8 states |
Freedom from excessive bail or fines; freedom from cruel or unusual punishment. |
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The most important responsibility citizens have is |
to exercise the right to vote |
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the constitution guarantees a person right |
to be tried by a impartial jury and serve as a juror |
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the constitution allows the national government the right to raise |
armies that are composed of citizens. Citizens can be required to serve in the military |
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A right is a freedom that is protected by what set of laws or amendments? Freedoms can not be taken away from citizens |
bill of rights aka first 8 amendments
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The first ten amendments to the Constitution are known as: |
Bill of rights |
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A monarchy is defined as |
A government in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a king or queen (sometimes an emperor) who reigns over a state or territory, usually for life and by hereditary right; |
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A dictatorship is defined as |
A form of government in which a single ruler wields absolute power (not restricted by a constitution or laws); -dictatorships deny human rights, |
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A government that seeks to subordinate the individual to the state by controlling the attitudes, values, and beliefs of its population, as well as political and economic matters is called what? |
Totalitarianism |
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Anarchy is... |
A condition of lawlessness or political disorder brought about by the absence of governmental authority. |
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What characteristics of a democracy are given to its constituents? |
Basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled include -civil and political rights, -the right to life and liberty, -freedom of thought and expression, before the law, -the right to participate in culture, -the right to education. |
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Political activity has been taking place more and more on a global scale. This is called ..... |
globalization: process of interaction among the people, companies, and governments of different nations driven by international trade, human mobility, and information technology |
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International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization |
intergovernmental organizations: they have huge roles in global economic affairs |
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Amnesty International, CARE, Save the Children, and Doctors Without Borders known as nongovernmental agencies are global organizations which do what |
bring together people from around the world to deal with issues such as human rights, health, climate change, energy use, or child labor regulations. |
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Which term describes a business that has separate operations all over the world? |
multinational corporation: make products in one country, process them in another, and sell them to consumers throughout the world example would be NIKE |
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Which of these would not take place in an authoritarian system of government? -Government leaders decide how many children you are allowed to have. -Opposition parties have a choice of who they want for their leader. -Officials ensure that elections are bias free. - Government leaders mandate what will be taught in schools. |
Officials ensure that elections are bias free: Authoritarianism is a form of government characterized by submission to authority. It is opposed to individualism and democracy. |
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Care is an example of what type of organization |
non-governmental organization: (NGO) is a type of nonprofit organization that works to promote human good while operating separately from any national government |
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Define Scarcity |
When needs and wants exceed the resources available to meet them this is called... |
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Whenever limited resources are used to satisfy one want or need, there are other wants and needs that remain unsatisfied this is called |
Opportunity Cost is defined as.. |
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When workers devote their energies to a single component of a productive task, they can produce more goods than if each performed the tasks. We call this.. |
division of labor and specialization can be defined by.. |
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Factors that can influence reading comprehension
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These points can affect a students reading.....?
*Reader's fluency *Prior knowledge * Reader's familiarity with various text structures |
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Reading comprehension is impacted by two major factors:
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These are two things that influence.....?
reader factors and text factors |
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Readers factors is defined by...
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The ability of a reader to understand text
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Reader factors are...
These along with text factors can influence reading comprehension |
These are factors of what?
Background knowledge. Strategies readers know. Vocabulary knowledge. Engagement with the text. |
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Background knowledge
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These are examples of what kind of reader factor? (Reader factors affect reading comprehension along with text factors)
Familiarity with different kinds of text—nursery rhymes, fairy tales, historical fiction, science fiction, information texts Topical knowledge also affects a reader’s ability to comprehend text. |
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Strategies readers know is a part of the readers factors (things that affect comprehension)
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These are examples of what kind of reader factor? (Reader factors affect reading comprehension along with text factors
*Reading skills that assist in reading comprehension; *Students are fluent readers and can accurately decode what they read. *Students activate and build on their prior knowledge as they read *Students make predictions, create mental images, connect to their own experiences, draw inferences *Students monitor their understanding while they read. |
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Text factors that can influence reading comprehension (along with reader factors) are...
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Comprehension is also dependent on text–based factors
*reader's familiarity with the genre of a text *text structure *predictable features related to that text structure – text features/visual representations |
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Text features (that help us with reading comprehension) are
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Headings, charts and graphs, illustrations, glossaries, indexes, age layout and unconventional uses of capitalization and punctuation can distinguish poetic style and forms.
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Understanding and distinguishing the following three thinking processes guides teachers to orchestrate comprehension skill instruction.
What are these 3 processes for reading comprehension? |
*Literal comprehension.
*Inferential comprehension. *Evaluative comprehension. |
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Literal comprehension is.....
It is a reading comprehension process |
this requires students to locate and recognize information that is stated explicitly in the passage
ex. facts, stated main ideas and supporting details, the sequence of events, or cause–and–effect relationships. |
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Inferential comprehension
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to think about ideas and cause–and–effect relationships that are not explicitly stated in the text are examples of ________________.
This process requires students to “read between the lines” or “beyond the lines” to suggest meanings that are not explicitly stated in the text. |
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Evaluative comprehension
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distinguishing between fact and opinion and drawing conclusions about a text’s meaning.
This process requires students to detect faulty reasoning or bias, construct a personal opinion about the information in the text, and make personal connections to the text. Readers judge the quality and validity of the written material and the effectiveness of the message. |
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Strategies that help guide students to actively participate in practicing reading comprehension skills....
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*Connecting texts to background knowledge, *Setting a purpose for reading
*Previewing text *making predictions about text *identifying text structures *checking reading rate *questioning *self–correcting *re–reading *thinking aloud *visualizing *summarizing |
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Research has identified six reading comprehension strategies that benefit students in learning to comprehend what they read...
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These are what kind of reading strategies?
Predicting. Think–alouds. Text structure. Visual representations in text. Questions and questioning. Summarization |
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Vocabulary: Tier 1 words
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Tier __________ are basic words which are usually learned at home or in a student’s community (e.g., floor, deep, people).
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Vocabulary: Tier 2 words
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Tier ________ words are a large group of high frequency words which often appear in different contexts and can serve students in important ways.
These words have the potential to allow students to build visual representations and illustrate connections to other words. The words richly contribute to students’ conceptual understanding, helping to further develop students’ background knowledge. Examples include sustain, requirement, and probability. |
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Vocabulary: Tier 3 words
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Tier _______ words are used with lower frequency but are important in the context of content areas or are domain–specific words (e.g., multiplicand, divisor, or equation).
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there is no single, research–based method for teaching vocabulary and recommends the use of a variety of direct and indirect research–based methods to teach vocabulary.
Some of these strategies are... |
Activate prior knowledge.
Preteach vocabulary. Restructure reading materials. Expose students repeatedly to new vocabulary. Connect new words to known words. Help students learn to use context clues. Use visuals. Engage students in wide reading. Use multimedia. |
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Word Learning Strategies
Teachers should provide explicit instruction to help students master the following independent strategies for learning words. Some strategies are.... |
*Analyzing word structure and function. – students can use knowledge of word parts to indicate the meaning of an unfamiliar word.
*Using context clues as a word learning strategy. *Using reference materials to support word learning. |
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Research suggests that for students in grades three and up, the activity which leads to the greatest growth in vocabulary is:
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reading.
Reading contributes to the greatest growth of learning what? |
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When eight–year–old Eli encountered a word that he didn’t know, he used the surrounding words and sentences to determine its meaning. In that situation, Eli used:
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context clues.
Context clues can be used to determine _______ ? |
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When the words subway and submarine appeared in a text, the teacher helped the students break the words apart. Then they examined other words that began with sub. These students participated in a:
a strategy used to determine or infer the meanings of words by examining their meaningful parts (prefixes, suffixes, roots, etc). root word. A root word is the base of a word after all affixes are removed. |
morphemic analysis.
What is it? |
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Comprehension is a complicated process which begins:
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When students discuss their reading with a peer it begins the process of....?
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These are elements of a
1. 2. story structure 3. 4.Literary Devices Setting Characterization Conflict Plot Rising Action Climax Resolution Theme Dialoge Point of View |
Story Structure
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Figurative Language
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Authors use this when they go beyond the literal meaning of words to describe something.
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Types of figurative language
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Simile
Metaphor Allegory Alliteration Personification Onomatopoeia Hyperbole |
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Simile is...
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A figure of speech which involves a direct comparison between two unlike things, usually with the words like or as. Example: Stop it! You’re acting like a baby
What type of figurative language is this? |
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Allegory is...
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A form of extended metaphor in which objects, persons, and actions are equated with meanings that have moral, social, religious, or political significance. Characters are often personifications of such abstract ideas as charity, greed, or envy. Fables like The Hare and the Tortoise or The Ant and the Grasshopper are examples of stories having disguised meanings other than those indicated on the surface.
What type of figurative language is this? |
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Alliteration is...
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The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of several words in close succession. Example: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
What type of figurative language is this? |
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Personification is....
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A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is given human qualities or abilities. Example: The daffodils nodded their heads at the baby bunny.
What type of figurative language is this? |
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Onomatopoeia is...
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The use of words that imitate the sound that they describe. Example: boom, munch, or boo–hoo.
What type of figurative language is this? |
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Hyperbole is...
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A figure of speech in which statements are exaggerated. It is not used to mislead the reader, but to emphasize a point. Example: I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.
What type of figurative language is this? |
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Strategies for teaching...
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Literary Circles
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Strategies for teaching...
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Reading Workshop
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Strategies for teaching...
Readers Theater |
This is what?
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This strategy is a dramatic performance of a script by a group of readers.
No memorization is needed. This supports the development of fluency skills as well as comprehension. |
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What are the 5 organizational patterns to inform informational texts?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. |
1. description
2. sequence 3. compare & contrast 4. cause–and–effect 5. problem–solution These are the 5 _______________________ to inform informational texts. |
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Functional texts are what?
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These are texts that are important to everyday use; they include food labels, nutrition labels, warranties, contracts, directions, schedules, and so on.
This type of text is persuasive text, functional text or informational text? |
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What is a
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QAR?
What does it do? |
Question–Answer–Relationships guide students to generate a number of questions when reading informational text.
The student differentiates between the types of questions asked and seeks answers that satisfy literal, inferential, or evaluative comprehension questions. |
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QAR (Question–Answer–Relationships) four types of questions are....
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Right there questions. These are answers to literal questions students will find right in the text.
Think and search questions. Answers that students will find in the text but will need to hunt for them. Often, these are inferential questions. Author and me questions. These questions are a combination of ideas the author shares and some the reader thinks of. These questions are inferential and applied. On my own questions. Answers for these questions require that readers critically analyze what is read, draw some conclusions, and come up with applied, evaluative responses. These 4 types of questions are from what? |
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Analogy is...
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a comparison between two unlike things that have common characteristics.
What is this? |
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In an effort to better understand a visual image, students can use a five–step, critical thinking process. These are...?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. |
1. Study the image and describe it.
2. Ask basic questions. 3. Interpret the message. 4. Evaluate the image. 5. Reflect on the impact the image might have. |
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Lithosphere is what?
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The land (rock) forms of the earth
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Archipelago is what?
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A group or chain of islands clustered together in a sea or ocean
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An Isthmus is what?
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A narrow strip of land connecting two larger landmasses, usually with water on two sides.
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Peninsula is what?
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A body of land that is surrounded by water on three sides but is connected to a mainland area.
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What is a strait?
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A narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water.
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physical geography is what?
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the branch of geography dealing with natural features and processes
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Cultural geography is what?
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the study of cultural products and norms and their variations across and relations to spaces and places.
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Regional geography is what?
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the study of world regions. Attention is paid to unique characteristics of a particular region such as natural elements, human elements, and regionalization which covers the techniques of delineating space into regions.
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ecology is what?
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the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings.
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What is a biome?
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very large ecological areas on the earth’s surface
This is NOT an ecosystem You may find many units of ecosystems within this. |
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What are the 5 biomes?
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The Desert Biomes:
The Aquatic Biomes: The Forest Biomes: The Grassland Biomes The Tundra Biomes: |
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Environmental push factors are what or do what?
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These are the reasons that people migrate.
These are forces that can either induce people to move to a new location or oblige them to leave old residences; they can be economic, political, cultural, and environmentally based. |
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What is the prime meridian?
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(a line of longitude) in a geographical coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0°.
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Relative location is what?
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This type of location is more general and can be used relative to the surroundings of the object.
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Hypothesis vs. Theory
What is a Theory? |
In science, a tested, well–substantiated, unifying explanation for a set of verified, proven factors.
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Hypothesis vs. Theory
What is a hypothesis? |
This is either a suggested explanation for an observable phenomenon, or a reasoned prediction of a possible causal correlation among multiple phenomena.
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Qualitative Research is what?
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This research is primarily exploratory research.
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Quantitative Research is what?
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This research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into useable statistics.
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