Ftce Elementary Ed

Front 1

Matter

Back 1

anything that takes up space and has mass. Involves molecules, atoms, protons and electrons.

Front 2

Mass

Back 2

Always the same and independent of gravity

Front 3

Weight

Back 3

The measure of the earth's pull of gravity on an object.

Front 4

Volume

Back 4

The amount of cubic space something takes up.

Front 5

Density

Back 5

Mass per unit of volume. The ratio of total mass to total volume. It defines how closely the molecules are packed together.

Front 6

Element

Back 6

A substance that consists of only one type of atom and is represented by a symbol.

Front 7

Electrons

Back 7

Outer part of the atom

Front 8

Protons and neutrons

Back 8

Nucleus of the atom

Front 9

Molecule

Back 9

Smallest particle of substance that may exist independently and maintains all the properties of the substance. Molecules of most elements are made of one atom but the molecules of oxygen, hydrogen, chlorine and nitrogen are made of 2 atoms each.

Front 10

Compound

Back 10

Matter that combines atoms chemically in definite weight proportions. H2O is an example of a compound. Bases, salts, oxides.

Front 11

Mixture

Back 11

Any combo of 2 or more substances not chemically combined and without any definite weight proportions. Seawater, milk

Front 12

Transformation from solid to gas

Back 12

Sublimation

Front 13

Transformation from gas to solid

Back 13

Deposition

Front 14

Temperature

Back 14

A measure related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. Temperature is not energy, but it is a number that relates to the kinetic energy possessed by the molecules of a substance.

Front 15

Celsius Scale

Back 15

Freezing point of water - 0 degrees

Boiling point of water - 100 degrees

Front 16

Kelvin Scale

Back 16

Absolute zero - 0 degrees (absence of all thermal energy)

Freezing point of water - 273.15 degrees

Boiling point of water - 373.15 degrees

Front 17

Fahrenheit Scale

Back 17

Freezing point of water is 32 degrees

Boiling point of water is 212 degrees

Front 18

Heat

Back 18

Measurement of the total energy in a substance

Front 19

Total energy

Back 19

Made up of the kinetic and the potential energy of the molecules of the substance.

Front 20

Dynamics

Back 20

The branch of mechanics that studies the relationship between motion and the forces affecting motion of bodies.

Front 21

Force

Back 21

A pull or a push on an object that results from the objects interaction with another object.

Front 22

2 main types of forces

Back 22

Contact Forces - Require physical contact and interaction between objects. Frictional, tension, air resistant.

At-a-distance-forces - result even when the interacting objects are not in contact but they exert a push or pull. Magnetic, gravity, electrostatic.

Front 23

Friction

Back 23

The force involved when surfaces that touch each other have a certain resistance to motion.

Front 24

Mechanical Force

Back 24

The application of force to bend, dent, scratch, compress, or break something.

Front 25

Applied force

Back 25

A force that is applied to an object by a person or another object.

Front 26

Centripetal Force

Back 26

When an object moves in a circular path and force is directed toward the center of the circle in order to keep the motion going.

Front 27

Electrical Forces

Back 27

action-at-a-distance-forces. When protons in the nucleus of an atom and the electrons outside the nucleus exert an electrical pull toward each other despite the spatial separation.

Front 28

Magnetic Forces

Back 28

When 2 magnets can exert a magnetic pull on each other.

Front 29

Nuclear Force

Back 29

Present in the nucleus of the atoms. Released by fission (the breaking of a heavy nucleus into 2 lighter nuclei), fusion (2 atomic nuclei fuse together to form a heavier nucleus), or radioactive decay (a neutron or proton in the radioactive nucleus decays spontaneously)

Front 30

Light

Back 30

type of energy that has a comparatively low level of physical weight or density. It is considered an electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength.

Travels in a straight line.

Front 31

Refraction

Back 31

Occurs when light passes through a transparent material like water. The light bends or changes speed.

Front 32

Diffraction

Back 32

Occurs when a ray of light bends around the edges of an object.

Front 33

Optics

Back 33

A branch of physics that studies the physical properties of light.

Front 34

Convex lenses

Back 34

Thicker in the middle and are used as magnifying glasses for nearsighted people.

Front 35

Electricity

Back 35

Physical occurrence related to stationary and moving electrons and protons.

Front 36

Conductor

Back 36

Allows electricity to flow freely through it. Copper.

Front 37

Insulator

Back 37

Does not allow electrons to flow freely. Glass, rubber, air.

Front 38

Neutral Atoms

Back 38

Contain an equal number of protons and electrons.

Front 39

Electric Current

Back 39

The flow of electricity through a conductor.

Front 40

Series Circuit

Back 40

Use only one electrical path.

Front 41

Parallel Circuits

Back 41

Use several electric paths.

Front 42

Electrical circuit

Back 42

Must have a continuous flow of electricity going through a complete loop (circuit) returning to the original position.

Front 43

Static Electricity

Back 43

The accumulation of excess electric charge in a region that has poor electrical conductivity.

Front 44

Electrically charged objects characteristics (3)

Back 44

Like charges repel one another

Opposite charges attract one another

Charge is conserved

Front 45

Chemical Energy

Back 45

The energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules. Combustion.

Front 46

Electrical Energy

Back 46

The energy made available by the flow of electric charge through a conductor. Moving electrons produces it.

Front 47

Magnetic Energy

Back 47

The force of a magnet.

Front 48

Mechanical Energy

Back 48

The energy of the moving parts of machines or humans. The sum of potential and kinetic energy

Front 49

Nuclear Energy

Back 49

Present in the nucleus of atoms. Dividing, combining, or colliding of nuclei can result in the release of nuclear energy. It is released by fission, fusion or radioactive decay.

Front 50

Radiant or light energy

Back 50

The energy transmitted in the form of electromagnetic waves or radiation.

Front 51

Solar Energy

Back 51

The energy from the sun that may be converted into thermal or electrical energy.

Front 52

Sound or acoustic Energy

Back 52

Energy in the form of mechanical waves transmitted through material. Can be audible or inaudible.

Front 53

Thermal Energy

Back 53

Considered the most internal energy of objects which is created by vibration and movement. Form of kinetic energy and transferred as heat.

Front 54

Balanced Forces

Back 54

Do not cause a change in motion. They are in opposite directions and equal in size.

Front 55

Unbalanced Forces

Back 55

Always cause a change in motion

Front 56

3 layers of the earth

Back 56

Core, Mantle, Crust

Front 57

Core of earth

Back 57

1800 miles below the surface of the earth. Made of iron and nickel. Divided into 2 sections - inner and outer core.

Front 58

Inner core of earth

Back 58

Solid and 780 miles thick. Made of iron and nickel. The pressure is so great, that despite it's high temperatures it will not melt.

Front 59

Outer core of earth

Back 59

Always molten or melted. 1300 miles thick made of iron and nickel. Outer core rotates but inner core does not due to it's solid nature creating the earth's magnetism.

Front 60

The earth's mantle

Back 60

Begins about 6 miles under the ocean's crust and 19 miles below the continent's crust. Makes up the majority of the earth's volume.

Front 61

The earth's crust

Back 61

Hard outer shell and the thinnest layer of the earth. Crust floats on the mantle. 2 types - oceanic (4-7 miles thick, consists of basalt, makes up 71% of earth's surface) and continental crust (29% of earth's surface. continents)

Front 62

7 continents

Back 62

Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Australia

Front 63

Convection Currents

Back 63

Heat from the earth's core radiates through the earth's crust and causes the earth's crust to move called plate tectonics.

Front 64

Pangea

Back 64

Alfred Wegener said the continents were all joined at one point forming a supercontinent called Pangea.

Front 65

Geologic Formations

Back 65

Volcanoes, canyons, mountains

Front 66

How canyons form

Back 66

erosion due to water running through a dry region.

Front 67

Uplift

Back 67

Happens when the plates of the earth shift and causes the plateau to rise, causing the river to be lower relative to the surface of the plateau.

Front 68

Earthquake

Back 68

Occurs when plates slide against each other in opposite directions.

Front 69

Epicenter

Back 69

Point on the earth's surface where an earthquake begins.

Front 70

Seisometer

Back 70

Measures the amount of energy released during an earthquake. Measures in Richter Scale.

Front 71

3 different types of rocks

Back 71

Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

Front 72

Igneous Rocks

Back 72

Formed from the cooling of magma. Course rocks and make up most of the earth's crust. (granite and basalt)

Front 73

Sedimentary Rocks

Back 73

Cover igneous rocks with loose sediment. Created when layers of debris or sediment are compacted and fuse together. 3 types - clastic, chemical, and organic.

Front 74

Clastic Rocks

Back 74

Basic sedimentary rocks. Accumulations of broken pieces of rocks.

Front 75

Chemical Rocks

Back 75

Form when standing water evaporates and leaves dissolved minerals behind.

Front 76

Organic Rocks

Back 76

Formed by organic material such as calcium from shells, bones and teeth.

Front 77

Metamorphic Rocks

Back 77

Formed when a pre-existing rock is moved into an environment in which the minerals that make up the rock become unstable. (Slate, gneiss, marble)

Front 78

Soil

Back 78

Formed by the weathering of rocks and minerals

Front 79

The water cycle

Back 79

1. Evaporation

2. Condensation

3. Precipitation

4. Collection

Front 80

Evaporation

Back 80

Occurs when the sun heats up the water on earth. Water turns to steam and goes into the air.

Front 81

Condensation

Back 81

Occurs when the water vapor in the air cools and changes back into liquid forming clouds.

Front 82

Precipitation

Back 82

Occurs when the amount of water that has condensed in the air is too much for the air to hold.

Front 83

Collection

Back 83

Occurs when the water returns to the surface of the earth and falls back into water sources.

Front 84

5 types of air masses that determine weather

Back 84

Continental arctic, continental polar, maritime polar, maritime tropical, continental tropical.

Front 85

Continental Arctic

Back 85

Bring extremely cold temperatures and little moisture. Originate in the arctic circle and move across canada and the US in winter.

Front 86

Continental Polar

Back 86

Bring cold and dry weather but not as cold as continental arctic. Form south of the arctic circle and affect US winter weather. In summer, only affect norther portion of US.

Front 87

Maritime Polar

Back 87

Cool and moist, bring cloudy, damp weather to the US. Form over norther atlantic and pacific oceans. can form at any time of the year. Usually warmer that continental polar.

Front 88

Maritime Tropical

Back 88

Bring warm temp and moisture. most common over eastern US and created over the southern atlantic ocean and gulf of mexico. Can form year round but mostly in summer.

Front 89

Continental Tropical

Back 89

Form over desert southwest and northern mexico in the summer. Begin over the equator where moist air is heated and rises. As air moves away from the equator it begins to cool causing precipitation in the tropics and leaving the air dry. Over 100 degrees in the summer.

Front 90

Wind

Back 90

Horizontal movement of air

Front 91

Doldrums

Back 91

Moist air is heated and rises leaving low pressure regions called doldrums - regions of little steady air movement.

Front 92

Trade Winds

Back 92

Warm steady breezes that blow continuously. Steering force for tropical storms.

Front 93

4 types of clouds

Back 93

Stratus, Cumulus, Cirrus, Nimbus

Front 94

Stratus Clouds

Back 94

Horizontal, layered clouds that appear to blanket the sky. Form where warm, moist air passes over cool air.

Front 95

Cumulus Clouds

Back 95

Puffy and look like cotton balls. Form when warm, moist air is forced upward. As the air rises it cools. Size depends on the force of the upward movement. Produce heavy thunderstorms in the winter.

Front 96

Cirrus Clouds

Back 96

Wispy and feathery. Only form at high altitudes and are composed of icy crystals.

Front 97

Nimbus Clouds

Back 97

Produce Precipitation

Front 98

Runoff

Back 98

Occurs when rain water falls to land and moves across the land to rivers or other water sites. Occurs when the quantity of rainfall exceeds the rate at which the soil can absorb the water.

Front 99

Percolation

Back 99

The downward movement of water through the soil and rock in the ground.

Front 100

Leaching

Back 100

The process by which materials in the soil are transferred in the water.

Front 101

Sinkholes

Back 101

Formed when cavities form under the surface of the earth. Formed when water filling the cavities is either evaporated or absorbed. Weight of soil collapses it.

Front 102

Aquifer

Back 102

A formation the transmits water under the surface of the earth. When digging a well, the aquifer is the water source.

Front 103

Reservoir

Back 103

A lake-like area where water is kept until needed, may be canals or retention ponds, may be natural or man made.

Front 104

3 ways heat is transfered through the earth's system.

Back 104

Radiation, conduction, convection

Front 105

Radiation

Back 105

When heat is transferred through electromagnetic waves. (heating of the skin by the sun)

Front 106

Conduction

Back 106

Occurs when heat transfers through molecular movement. The warmth of your body heating a metal bar that is cold.

Front 107

Convection

Back 107

Occurs through the movement of masses, either air or water. Occurs when hot air rises, cools then falls.

Front 108

8 planets

Back 108

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Front 109

Mercury

Back 109

Smallest planet, closest to the sun. Has no moons. Has hardly an atmosphere and is most like the moon's surface.

Front 110

Venus

Back 110

Second planet from the sun. Very hot due to thick gasses in the atmosphere causing a green house effect.

Front 111

Earth

Back 111

3rd planet from the sun. Oceans cover 3/4 of the surface. Earth has 1 moon.

Front 112

Mars

Back 112

4th planet from the sun. Named "red planet" because it is covered with rusty colored soil. 2 moons called Phobos and Diemos.

Front 113

Jupiter

Back 113

5th planet from the sun and the largest planet. Has small rings and is known for it's large red spot.

Front 114

Saturn

Back 114

6th planet from the sun. Second largest planet. Has about 20 moons and is known for it's rings.

Front 115

Uranus

Back 115

7th planet from the sun. third largest. Blue-green planet made up of hydrogen, helium and methane. It has 9 faint rings that are made up of rocks and dust. It's poles point sideways and has an angle of 98 degrees. Has 5 large moons and 10 small moonlets.

Front 116

Neptune

Back 116

Eighth planet from the sun and 4th largest.

Front 117

Pluto

Back 117

Now considered a dwarf planet. Smaller that the earth's moon. Yellowish in color. Orbit is tilted. Sometimes Pluto is closer to the sun than Neptune.

Front 118

Comets

Back 118

Bodies in space made of rocks, frozen gasses, frozen water and dust. Orbit the sun and contain a tail.

Front 119

Asteroids

Back 119

Made up of rock, metal, or ice and are like planets in that they orbit the sun. A belt of asteroids exists between Mars and Jupiter and separates the planets.

Front 120

Meteors

Back 120

Objects that rotate around the sun but are too small to be called asteroids or comets. Made from bits and pieces of the solar system that have fallen into the earth's atmosphere.

Front 121

Stars

Back 121

Made up entirely of gases and are mostly made of hydrogen. Stars are born in hot gas and dust. Color, temp and size depend on the stars mass.

Front 122

Moons

Back 122

Satellites of planets. Orbit around a planet. Moon and earth interact between gravitational pull. The moon's pull on earth affects the tides of the ocean.

Front 123

A full moon

Back 123

occurs when the moon and the sun are on opposite sides of the earth. Giving a full reflection of the moon's surface.

Front 124

A new moon

Back 124

Occurs when the moon and sun are on the same side of the earth. Giving no reflection of the moon's surface toward the earth.

Front 125

First quarter moon

Back 125

Between a new moon and a full moon. Right 50% of the moon's surface is visible.

Front 126

Last quarter moon

Back 126

Between a full moon and a new moon. Left 50% of moon's surface is visible.

Front 127

Criteria to be a living thing (6)

Back 127

1. Made up of cells

2. Obtain and use energy

3. Grow and develop

4. Reproduce

5. Respond to stimuli in the environment

6. Adapt to the environment

Front 128

Taxonomy

Back 128

The classification of living things into categories based on physical characteristics.

Front 129

Taxonomical Classification

Back 129

8 levels developed by Carolus Linnaeus - kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, domain

Front 130

Domains

Back 130

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

Front 131

Kingdoms

Back 131

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals

Front 132

Cells

Back 132

Smallest unit of living things. Contain cell membranes, cytoplasm, organelles, and DNA

Front 133

Cell Membranes

Back 133

Surround the cell and provide a protective layer that covers the surface of the cell and acts as a barrier to the environment. Controls what materials go in and out of the cell.

Front 134

Cytoplasm

Back 134

Fluid inside the cell membrane

Front 135

Organelles

Back 135

Carry out the life processes within the cell. Perform specific functions within the cell.

Front 136

DNA

Back 136

Genetic material needed to make new cells.

Front 137

Eukaryotes

Back 137

Cells that contain a nucleus. Can have cell walls.

Front 138

Prokaryotes

Back 138

Cells that do not contain a nucleus

Front 139

Cellulose

Back 139

Makes up the cell walls of plants and algae. A complex sugar that animals can not digest without help.

Front 140

Cell Membrane

Back 140

Just inside the cell wall. Cells without cell walls, the cell membrane is the outermost part of cell. Contains proteins, lipids and phospholipids

Front 141

Proteins and lipids

Back 141

Control the movement of larger materials into and out of the cell.

Front 142

Cytoskeleton

Back 142

The web of proteins inside the cytoplasm. Acts both as muscles and skeleton of the cell. Keeps cell membrane from collapsing and helps cells move.

Front 143

Nucleolus

Back 143

A dark area in the nucleus in which the cell begins to make ribosomes.

Front 144

Ribosomes

Back 144

The smallest of all organelles. Some float in the cytoplasm while others are attache to membranes or the cytoskeleton. Ribosomes build proteins which are made of amino acids. All cells need protein to live so all cells have ribosomes.

Front 145

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 145

A system of folded membranes in which proteins, lipids and other materials are made.

Front 146

Rough ER

Back 146

Covered in ribosomes and usually found near the nucleus.

Front 147

Smooth ER

Back 147

Does not contain ribosomes, makes lipids and breaks down toxic material that could damage the cell.

Front 148

Mitochondrion

Back 148

Power source of the cell. The organelle in which sugar is broken down to produce energy. Covered by 2 membranes Outter and inner membrane. Make a substance called ATP (the form of energy that cells use). Most of a cells ATP is made in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

Front 149

Golgi Complex

Back 149

The organelle that packages and distributes proteins. Looks like Smooth ER but it's job is to take the lipids and proteins made from the ER and deliver it to the other parts of the cell. Might modify lipids and proteins to do different jobs.

Front 150

Vesicle

Back 150

A piece of the golgi complex membrane that is pinched off in a small vesicle. Transports the lips and proteins to other parts of the cell or outside the cell.

Front 151

Lysosomes

Back 151

The vesicles responsible for digestion inside a cell. Organelles that contain digestive enzymes that destroy worn out or damaged organelles, get rid of waste and protect the cell from invaders.

Front 152

Vaculoes

Back 152

Large vesicles. In plant and fungi cells some vacuoles act like large lysosomes by storing digestive enzymes and aiding in digestion within the cell.

Front 153

Chloroplasts

Back 153

Present in plant cells but not animal cells. Allow the plant to harness energy from the sun.

Front 154

Photosynthesis

Back 154

Takes place in chloroplasts. Allows plants and algae to use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make sugar and oxygen.

Front 155

Chloroplasts

Back 155

Green because they contain chlorophyll.

Front 156

Chlorophyll

Back 156

Traps the energy from the sunlight which is then used in photosynthesis to make the sugar glucose. Glucose is then used by the mitochondria to make ATP.

Front 157

Prokaryotes

Back 157

Single-celled organism. Small and simple cells that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Divided into 2 domains - Archaea and Bacteria

Front 158

Archaeabacteria

Back 158

Single-celled microorganisms. No cell nucleus or complex organelles, but their cells contain DNA and ribosomes to carry on the functions of life Similar in shape to bacteria. Live in a variety of harsh, oxygen deprived habitats including hot springs, salt lakes, soils, oceans and marsh lands.

Front 159

Eubacteria

Back 159

Large groups of single cell organisms that grow in nearly every environment on earth. Micrometers in length, can be classified based on their shape, type of cell wall, methods of movement and ways of obtaining energy.

Front 160

Bacteria Shapes

Back 160

Cocci - Spheres

Bacilli - Rods

Spirilla - Spirals

Front 161

Bacteria 3 basic roles in nature

Back 161

1. Act as decomposers to return raw materials and nutrients to the soil for other life.

2. Nitrogen fixers, turn nitrogen in the atmosphere into nitrogen that is useful for life.

3. Cause disesase (these bacteria are called pathogens)

Front 162

Bacteria

Back 162

Can live outside a host. Made of cells.

Front 163

Viruses

Back 163

Cannot live outside a host. Use cells they infect and do not have cells of their own. Made of a protein coat that surrounds either DNA or RNA. common cold, flu, chicken pox, ebola, AIDS and SARS. Can not be killed without killing the host cell. Vaccinations help body's immune system eliminate the virus.

Front 164

Eukaryotes

Back 164

Organisms whose cells contain complex structures including membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus containing DNA. Typically much larger that prokaryotes. Microscopic but 10 x's larger than bacteria. (protists, fungi, plants, animals)

Front 165

Protists

Back 165

Organisms similar to plants, fungi and animals but do not fit into those kingdoms. All protists are eukaryotic. Less complex that eukaryotic organisms. Do not have specialized tissues.

Front 166

Heterotrophs

Back 166

Protists that consume food in their environment. Eat bacteria, yeast or other protists.

Front 167

Parasites

Back 167

Protist heterotrophs that invade other organisms called hosts to obtain nutrients.

Front 168

Protist Reproduction

Back 168

Asexual and sexual

Front 169

Conjugation

Back 169

2 individuals join together and exchange genetic material using a second nucleus. Divide and produce 4 protists.

Front 170

3 types of protists

Back 170

1. Plant-like (Act as producers)

2. Animal-like

3. Fungus-like

Front 171

Phytoplankton

Back 171

Free-flowing single-cell protists. Microscopic and usually float near the waters surface. Produce much of the world's oxygen.

Front 172

Protozoans

Back 172

Heterotroph Animal-like protists. (Amoeba)

Front 173

Amoebas

Back 173

Found in fresh and salt water and as parasites in animals. Appear shapeless but are highly structured.Eat bacteria and small protists but some are parasites. Move with pseudopodia or fake feet.

Front 174

Zooflagellate

Back 174

Another protozoan. Moves with Flagella. Some are parasites and cause disease while others are mutualists.

Front 175

Ciliates

Back 175

Complex protists that have hundreds of tiny hair like structures called cilia. (Paramecium)

Front 176

Water Mold

Back 176

Heterotrophs that do not move.

Front 177

Slime Mold

Back 177

Uses pseudopodia to move when conditions are favorable. Forms spores and does not move when conditions are not favorable.

Front 178

Fungi

Back 178

Eukaroytoic hetertrophs that have rigid cell walls and no chlorophyll. Must live on or near a food supply. Dissolve food with digestive juices. Fungi can be consumers, decomposers, parasites or mutualists.

Front 179

Hyphae

Back 179

chains of cells

Front 180

Mycelium

Back 180

A twisted mass of hyphae. Hidden from view under ground.

Front 181

Asexual fungi reproduction

Back 181

Breaking apart of producing spores.

Front 182

Sexual fungi reproduction

Back 182

Sex cells are formed and then joined together to make sexual spores that grow into new fungi.

Front 183

4 main groups of fungi

Back 183

Threadlike

Sac

Club

Imperfect

Front 184

Threadlike Fungi

Back 184

Live in soil and are decomposers, some are parasites. Reproduce asexually using spore cases called sporangia and sexually when the hypas join together. (Black break mold)

Front 185

Sac Fungi

Back 185

Includes yeast, mildews, truffles, and morels. Reproduce both asexually through a sac called an ascus and sexually through spores. Can be used for vitamins or antibiotics or can be parasites and kill plants.

Front 186

Club Fungi

Back 186

Mushrooms. Reproduce sexually.

Front 187

Imperfect Fungi

Back 187

All other species of fungi. Reproduce asexually. Most are parasites that cause disease in plants and animals. Causes Athlete's Foot. Penicillin is derived from an imperfect fungi.

Front 188

Autotroph

Back 188

Creates it's own food.

Front 189

Plants

Back 189

Eukaryotic multicellular autotroph. 2 stage life cycle, and have cell walls.

Front 190

2 stages of a plant's life cycle

Back 190

Sporophyte stage and gametophyte stage

Front 191

Sporophyte Stage

Back 191

Plants make spores which can grow in a suitable environment.

Front 192

Gametophyte Stage

Back 192

Male and female parts make gametes. Female gametophytes produce eggs and male gametophytes produce sperm.

Front 193

Nonvascular Plants

Back 193

Do not have specialized tissues to move water and nutrients through the plants. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts. Must rely on diffusion to move materials from one part of the plant to another. Very small plants

Front 194

Vascular Plants

Back 194

Have tissues called Vascular Tissues, which move water and nutrients from one part of the plant to another. Can move water and nutrients to any part of the plant. These plants can be very large.

Front 195

2 types of vascular tissue

Back 195

Xylem and Phloem

Front 196

Vascualr plants divided into 3 groups

Back 196

Seedless plants (ferns, horsetails, club mosses)

Nonflowering seed plants (gymnosperms)

Flowering seed plants (angiosperms) - divided into monocots and dicots.

Front 197

Photosynthesis

Back 197

Plants use the energy from sunlight to make food from carbon dioxide and water.

6CO2+6H20 --- > C6H12O6+6O2

Front 198

Cuticle

Back 198

Protects plants. A waxy layer that coats the surfaces of plants which are exposed to air. Prevents plant from drying out and water loss.

Front 199

Stomata

Back 199

Opening in the leafs surface which can open and close. This is how carbon dioxide gets in.

Front 200

Transpiration

Back 200

The loss of water through the leaf. Water absorbed through the roots replaces this water lost.

Front 201

Stamen

Back 201

Male part of the flower. Made up of the Anther (makes the pollen) and the filament (holds up the anther).

Front 202

Pistil

Back 202

Female part of the flower. Made of stigma, style and ovary.

Front 203

Pollination

Back 203

Occurs when pollen is moved from anthers to stigmas.

Front 204

Plantlets

Back 204

Plant asexual reproduction. Tiny plants grow along the edges of the plants leaves. Plantlets fall off and grow new plants.

Front 205

Tubers

Back 205

Underground stems that can produce new plants.

Front 206

Runners

Back 206

Above ground stems that produce new plants.

Front 207

Cellular Respiration

Back 207

The process by which plants convert the energy that is stored in glucose molecules into energy that cells can use. Happens in the mitochondria.

Front 208

Animals

Back 208

Eukaryotic, multicellular heterotrophs. Animal cells do not have cell walls. Animal cells are surrounded by membranes.

Front 209

2 types of animals

Back 209

Vertebrates and invertebrates

Front 210

Invertebrates

Back 210

Do not have a backbone. Insects, snails, jellyfish, worms and sponges.

Front 211

Vertebrates

Back 211

Have a backbone. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Less than 5% of animals.

Front 212

3 basic symmetries of invertebrates

Back 212

Bilateral (most), Radial, Asymmetry.

Front 213

Sponges

Back 213

Simplest invertebrates. They are asymmetrical and have no tissues. Marine animals.

Front 214

Cnidarians

Back 214

Have stinging cells. More complex than sponges. Have complex tissues and a simple network of nerve cells. Jellyfish, sea anemone, Coral.

Front 215

Flatworms

Back 215

Simplest kind of worm. Bilateral symmetry. 3 types - planarians and marine flatworms(frshwater or damp places on land), flukes (parasites that have suckers allowing the to attach to animals) and tapeworms (parasites, do not have a gut, attach to the intestines of another animal and get nutrients.)

Front 216

Roundworms

Back 216

Have bodies that are long slim and round. Bilateral symmetry and a simple nervous system. Parasites.

Front 217

Segmented worms

Back 217

Bilateral symmetry but are more complex. Have a closed circulatory system and a complex nervous system. Can live in salt, fresh water or live on land. Can eat plant or animal material. Earthworms, marine worms or leeches.

Front 218

Mollusks

Back 218

Live in ocean, fresh water or land. 3 categories gastropods(snails and slugs), bivalves(clams and shellfish), cephalopods (squids and octopus).

Front 219

Echinoderms

Back 219

Spiny-skinned invertebrates. Include sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars. Radial symmetry. Pg. 170

Front 220

Anthropods

Back 220

Largest group of animals. 75%. Have an exoskeleton. 3 main body parts: head, thorax, abdomen. Centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans (lobsters), spiders, and insects.

Front 221

2 types of vertebrates

Back 221

Endotherms, ectotherms

Front 222

Endotherms

Back 222

Warm-blooded animals able to regulate their own body temp. Birds and mammals.

Front 223

Ectotherms

Back 223

Cold-blooded animals unable to regulate their own body temp. Amphibians, reptiles and fish.

Front 224

3 types of fish

Back 224

Jawless fish (eel like), cartilaginous fish (sharks, rays), bony fish.

Front 225

Amphibians

Back 225

Live part of their lives in the water and part on land.

Front 226

3 groups of amphibians

Back 226

Caecilians, Salamanders, and frogs & toads

Front 227

Caecilians

Back 227

live in tropical areas of Asia, Africa and South America and look like earth worms or snakes.

Front 228

Amniotic Eggs

Back 228

eggs of reptiles, they hold a fluid that protects the embryo. Also have a shell.

Front 229

Four groups of reptiles

Back 229

Turtles and tortoises, crocodiles and alligators, lizards and snakes, tuataras.

Front 230

4 groups of birds

Back 230

1. Flightless birds

2. Water birds

3. Perching birds

4. Birds of prey

Front 231

Placental Mammals

Back 231

Embryos develop inside the mom and areattached to her through the placenta. Rodents, rabbits, bats, walruses, elephants, giraffes, whales and apes.

Front 232

Monotremes

Back 232

Mammals that lay eggs. Echidnas and platypus.

Front 233

Marsupials

Back 233

Carry their young in a pouch. Koalas, Opossums and kangaroos.

Front 234

11 organ systems in the human body

Back 234

Integumentary, muscular, skeletal, cardiovascualr and circulatory, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, nervous, digestive, lymphatic, endocrine. Pg. 173

Front 235

Created the principles of heredity

Back 235

Gregor Mendel

Front 236

Asexual reproduction process

Back 236

Mitosis

Front 237

Sexual reproduction process

Back 237

Meiosis

Front 238

Adaptation

Back 238

Advantageous traits passed from parents to young.

Front 239

Charles Darwin

Back 239

Natural Selection

Front 240

Steps of the Scientific Method (6)

Back 240

1. Ask a question

2. Make Observations

3. Hypothesize

4. Predict

5. Test

6. Conclude

Front 241

Theory

Back 241

A well-validated and well-supported explanation of some aspect of the natural world.

Front 242

Hypothesis

Back 242

A tentative and testable insight into the natural world which is not yet verified.

Front 243

Law

Back 243

A truthful explanation of different events that happen with uniformity under certain conditions

Front 244

Validity

Back 244

The degree to which a measure accurately assesses the specific concept it is designed to measure. (Accuracy of the instrument)

Front 245

Reliability

Back 245

The consistency of a set of measurements or measuring instrument. (Precision of the instrument)

Front 246

Nano

Back 246

1 billionth

Front 247

The inquiry Process involves:

Back 247

Observation

Measurement

Experimentation

Communication

Mental Processes

Front 248

The 5-Step Experiential Learning Cycle

Back 248

Exploration (Do it)

Sharing (What happened?)

Processing (What's important?) - discuss

Generalizing (So what?) - real life connections

Application (Now what?) - how can this be applied to other situations?

Front 249

Engagement

Back 249

Teacher presents a problem, pre-assesses the students, helps students make connections and informs students of the goals, procedures and objectives of the activity.

Front 250

Exploration

Back 250

In this stage students are actively engaged in collecting or finding data to solve the problem.

Front 251

Explanation

Back 251

Students use the data they have collected to solve the problem, answer and report their thinking processes.

Front 252

Elaboration

Back 252

Students are given new information questions in order to extend what they learned in the earlier parts of the learning cycle.

Front 253

Diagnostic Assessment

Back 253

Pre-test. Used to help determine what students know when they begin an educational task.

Front 254

Formative Assessment

Back 254

Used to help guide day-day classroom activities.

Front 255

Student Outcome or Summative Assessment

Back 255

Used to find out what students have learned and mastered

Front 256

Comparative Assessment

Back 256

Used to determine how an individual or group outcome compares to another.

Front 257

Student Assessment

Back 257

Used to help determine the effect of a program.

Front 258

Traditional Assessment

Back 258

Involves students selecting responses from exam questions.

Front 259

Standardized Testing

Back 259

The administration of tests under controlled conditions and using consistent scoring procedures.

Front 260

Performance Assessment

Back 260

The direct, systematic observation of an actual student's performance and rating of that performance according to a pre-established criteria.

Front 261

Alternative Assessment

Back 261

Oral presentations, essays. Not a traditional assessment.

Front 262

Authentic Assessment

Back 262

Involves presenting tasks that reflect the kind of mastery demonstrated by experts or real-world situations.