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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Halogenation
Benzene to aryl halide (benzene--X) |
X2, FeX3
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Electrophile is Cl+, Br+
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Nitration
Benzene to nitrobenzene (benzene--NO2) |
HNO3, H2SO4
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Electrophile is ::O=N+=O::
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Sulfonation
Benzene to benzenesulfonic acid (benzene--SO3H) |
SO3, H2SO4
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Electrophile is +SO3H
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Friedel-Crafts alkylation
Benzene to arene, aka alkyl benzene (Benzene--R) |
RCl, AlCl3
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Electrophile for primary Cl : R-:Cl(+):-AlCl3(-)
for 2/3ary : Carbocation electrophile (CH3)3C+ leaving AlCl4 |
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Friedel-Crafts acylation
Benzene to ketone (Benzene--C=O -R) |
RCOCl, AlCl3
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Electrophile is R--C(+)=O::
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[ring - C=O-R] to [ring - CH2-R]
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Zn(Hg) + HCl
or NH2NH2 + OH- |
Especially for alkylations that wouldn't work because of cation rearrangement (CH3CH2CH2Cl adds as Y, not line; add as CH3CH2- O=C-Cl and reduce.)
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Reduction of Nitro (NO2) to Amino (NH2)
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H2, Pd-C
Fe, HCl Sn, HCl |
NO2 is meta, NH2 is ortho/para.
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CH3 to COOH
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KMnO4
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CH3 is ortho/para, COOH is meta
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Elimination of halogen to double bond
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K(+) (-)OC(CH3)3
strong base |
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