Electrolytes And Fluids

Front 1

Normal fluid volume for a adult male is __, female is __, infant is __

Back 1

60,50,70

Front 2

The fluid within cells, also known as cytosol

Back 2

intracellular fluid

Front 3

the fluid found outside of cells

Back 3

extracellular fluid

Front 4

the fluid surrounding cells

Back 4

interistial fluid

Front 5

the fluid component of blood

Back 5

plasma

Front 6

There are __ liters of body water in the normal adult male

Back 6

42

Front 7

Intracellular fluid accounts for __ of total body weight

Back 7

40% or 2/3

Front 8

Extracellular fluid accounts for __ of total body weight

Back 8

20% or 1/3

Front 9

Functions of body fluids is to ___ healthy living condition for body cells.

Back 9

maintain

Front 10

Function of body fluid helps ___ cellular waste

Back 10

clear

Front 11

Body fluids are used to ___ enzymes and hormones, ___ red blood cells throughout body and ___ WBC to attack bacteria

Back 11

transports, carries, carries

Front 12

To maintain homeostasis in the body, there is ___ mEq of both ___ and ____

Back 12

154, cations and anions

Front 13

Gastric secretions contain high concentrations of _ ions because of its acidity

Back 13

Hydrogen

Front 14

Pancreatic secretions are highly ___ because of high concentrations of bicarbonate

Back 14

alkaline

Front 15

Bile, gasatric and pancreatic secretions all contain high concentrations of ____

Back 15

sodium

Front 16

Electrolytes ____ neuromuscular irritability. ____ body fluid osmolality. ____ acid base balance and ____ distribution of body fluids amond the body fluid compartments

Back 16

promote, maintain, regulates, regulates

Front 17

Movement of fluid and soultes requiring energy. An example of this would be what/

Back 17

active transport. Sodium potassium pump

Front 18

The transportation of of fluid and solutes requiring no energy

Back 18

Passive transport

Front 19

This inovlves the movement of water across a membrane from an area of low solutes to a concentration of high solutes

Back 19

osmosis

Front 20

This is a passive proces by which molecules of solute move through a cellmembrane from an area of high concentration to lower concentration

Back 20

diffusion

Front 21

The movement of both water and pariticles from an area of high pressure to low pressure

Back 21

Filtration

Front 22

The concentration of solutes in body fluid

Back 22

osmolality

Front 23

The standard unit of osmotic pressure

Back 23

osmol

Front 24

substance that is idssolved in a solution

Back 24

solute

Front 25

Substance that dissolves the solute

Back 25

solvent

Front 26

In isotonic conditions. everything is ____

Back 26

equal

Front 27

A hypertonic solution means there is a ____concentration of solutes in the ___ and this will ___ cells.

Back 27

high, ECF, shrink

Front 28

A hypotonic solution means there is a ____ concentration of solutes in the ECF and this will cause movement of water from the ecf to the ___ and will cause the cell to ___

Back 28

low , ICF, explode

Front 29

What 3 things affect the rate of diffusion?

Back 29

size of molecule, concentration of solution and the temperature

Front 30

The movement of a substance from an area of High concentration to a lower one by using carrier molecules for help

Back 30

faciliated diffusion

Front 31

The force created by fluid within a closed system. Blood flows from higher pressure arterial system to lower pressure capillaries and veins

Back 31

hydrostatic pressure

Front 32

the pressure exerted by molecules that retain water and helps keep vluid in the intravascular space

Back 32

oncotic

Front 33

the movement of molecules form low concentration to high concentration

Back 33

active transport

Front 34

Normal fluid intake and losses in adults should = ___ mL/day

Back 34

2500

Front 35

Fluid losses that can be measured?

Back 35

sensible

Front 36

fluid losses that cannot be measured

Back 36

insensible

Front 37

Fluid loss can ____ and cause mulitple problems

Back 37

accumulate

Front 38

Populations at risk for dehydrations include?
a. infants b. adolescents c. patients with congestive heart failure

Back 38

infants

Front 39

Checking for ortostatic hypotension allows the nurse to detect early signs of:
a. hypovolemia b. low serum osmolality c. high serum osmolality

Back 39

Hypovolemia

Front 40

Signs of hypervolemia include: a. rapid, bounding pulse b. clear, watery sputum c. sever hypertension

Back 40

rapid bounding pulse

Front 41

Water intoxication can be caused by: a. admistering too much hypertonic fluid, b. admistering too much hypotonic fluid c. sever hypertension

Back 41

B

Front 42

What organ is the principle regulator of fluid and electrolyte balance

Back 42

Kidney

Front 43

Pressure sensors in the vascular system stimulate or inhibit the release of ___ from the pituitary gland

Back 43

ADH

Front 44

____ causes the kidneys to retain fluid

Back 44

ADH

Front 45

If fluid volume within the vascular system is low, the pituitary gland releases ____ ADH to retain fluid

Back 45

more

Front 46

if fluid volume is too high the Pituitary gland ___ releasing ADH causing the kidney to elminate fluid

Back 46

stops

Front 47

The adrenal cortex releases the hormone called ____ to Hold on to H2O and sodium and excrete ___

Back 47

Aldosterone, and potassium

Front 48

The thyroid hormone increases cardiac regulation. So the more thryoid hormone relased the increase in cardiac output increasing glomerular filtration and the output of ___ and ___

Back 48

sodium and water

Front 49

The major cation of the ECF

Back 49

Sodium

Front 50

normal serum level of sodium is __-__mEq/l

Back 50

135-145

Front 51

The functions of this electrolyte is to: regulate fluid volume, help maintains blood volume, interacts with calcium to maintain muscle contractions, stimulates conduction of nerve impulses

Back 51

Sodium

Front 52

The major cation in the ICF is____ and the normal serum level is _-__ mEq/l

Back 52

potassium 3.5-5

Front 53

This electrolyte maintains the ICF osmolality, regulates conduction of cardiac rhythm, transmits electrical impulses in mulitplebody systems and assists with acid-base balances

Back 53

potassium

Front 54

____ is responstible for bone health and neuromuscular and and cardiac function

Back 54

calcium

Front 55

This electrolyte promotes transmision of nerve impulses, retulages muscle contractions, catalysts for many cellular activites

Back 55

calcium

Front 56

The normal serum level of calcium is __-___

Back 56

8.5-10.5

Front 57

This electrolytes normal serum level is 1.3-2.1

Back 57

magnesium

Front 58

Changes of volume in the ECF is classified as ___, ____ or ___ fluid losses

Back 58

isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic

Front 59

The accumulation of fluid in the compartment other than ICF or ECF

Back 59

3rd spacing

Front 60

isotonic fluid volume deficit is also known as ____

Back 60

hypovolemia

Front 61

The first symptom of hypovolemia is?

Back 61

thirst

Front 62

As fluid volume decreases, the heart pumps ___ , has a ___ pulse and __ BP

Back 62

faster, weak, low

Front 63

What are these symptoms.
weight loss, decrease skin turgor, non-moist oral cavity, decrease in urinary output, High pulse, low Bp

Back 63

isotonic fluid volume deficit

Front 64

Isotonic fluid volume excess is the abnormal retention of both ___ and ___ and causes ___

Back 64

salt, water, edema

Front 65

ANother name for fluid volume excess

Back 65

hypervolemia

Front 66

IN hypervolemia the BP is ___, pulse is ____ an respirations are ___ and ___. Neck veins become ____

Back 66

elevated, bouding, shallow and weak. Distended

Front 67

What doe these characteristics define:
weight gain over a short period of time, perpheral edema, Distended neck and veins, moist rales in lungs, Decreased BUN

Back 67

Isotonic fluid volume excess

Front 68

in terms of edema
2mm
4mm
6mm remains several seconds after pressing
8mm

Back 68

1+ 2+ 3+ 4+

Front 69

This type of diretic pulls out potassium, sodium and water

Back 69

Loop

Front 70

Typical american diet contains 3 to 5 grams of salt a day we need only 1200 mG of salt

Back 70

info

Front 71

This type of fluid deficit is caused by loss of water in excess of sodium and other electrolytes

Back 71

hypertonic fluid deficit

Front 72

Hypertonic fluid deficit causes what?

Back 72

cellular dehydration

Front 73

These are characteristics of what? Weight loss, weak pulse, hypotension, tachycardia, thirst, changes of mental status. Lab work includes Serum NA levels > 145, > specific gravity

Back 73

Hypertonic fluid deficit

Front 74

T or false. Dehydration causes Temperature to raise?

Back 74

True

Front 75

Excess fluid moves from extracellular space to the intracellular space and is knonw as water intoxication

Back 75

Hypotonic fluid excess

Front 76

What are these diagnosis of?rapid pulse and respirations, mucus membranes dry, fontanel sunken, eyes sunken, poor skin turgor, tearing and salavation absent, Irritable, lethargic, comatose, convulsions

Back 76

dehydrations.

Front 77

This electrolyte maintains fluid balance

Back 77

sodium

Front 78

This electrolyte contributes to acid-base balance

Back 78

hydrogen

Front 79

This is the result from loss of sodium containing fluids or excess of water

Back 79

hyponatremia

Front 80

na< 135 s/s is anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weakness, muscle twitching, seizures

Back 80

hyponatremia

Front 81

Sodium > 145 excessive sodium intake, increased water loss through sweating

Back 81

Hypernatremia

Front 82

Dilutional is the most common cause of this. Exessive fluid intake, causes confusion and edema, Treatment is to decrease fluid intake

Back 82

Hyponatremia

Front 83

most common cause is fluid loss without the loss of sodium. Dry tissues low, urine output, tachycardia, neurological changes

Back 83

Hypernatremia

Front 84

signs and symptoms of hypernatremia

Back 84

Skin flushed
agitation
Low grade fever
Thirst

Front 85

normal levels of potassium in the blood stream

Back 85

3.5-5

Front 86

Potassium = muscle tone and nerve transmission

Back 86

info

Front 87

this electrolyte imbalance is caused by increased loss of potassium or increased fluid

Back 87

hypokalemia

Front 88

The symptom of this electrolyte imbalance is muscle flaccidity

Back 88

hypokalemia

Front 89

Treatment for this is potassium supplements

Back 89

hypokalemia

Front 90

Causes of this electrolyte embalance is: cell wall destruction, increased intake, renal failure

Back 90

hyperkalemia

Front 91

Symptoms of this electrolyte imbalance is irritable muscles

Back 91

hyperkalemia

Front 92

Regulates muscle contraction/relaxation. Nerve impluse transmission, necessary for coagulation

Back 92

calcium

Front 93

normal levels of calcium is?

Back 93

8.5 to 10.5

Front 94

This electrolyte imbalance is caued by decreased calcium intake, increased phosphate levels, renal disease, acute pancreatitis, hypoparathyroidism

Back 94

Hypocalcemia

Front 95

Symptoms of this electrolyte imbalance are hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, neurological changes, parethesia, and arrythmia

Back 95

hypocalcemia

Front 96

this is the sign is a contraction of a facial muscle in response to a tap over the facial nerve in front of the ear and occurs in these electrolyte disorders

Back 96

Chvostek sign
hypocalcemia and hypomagnesia

Front 97

this refers to carpal spasms induced by inflating a blood pressure cuff on the arm and occursin in these electrolyte disorders

Back 97

Trosseaus sign
hypocalcemia and hypomagnesia

Front 98

Tingle twitch and tetany is

Back 98

hypocalcemia and hypomagnesia

Front 99

the causes of this are increased intake of calcium, hyperparathyroidism, immobilization

Back 99

hypercalcemia

Front 100

Magnesium is a _____, it helps with _____ transport of NA and K, neuromuscular tone, and cellular metabolism

Back 100

sedative, cellular

Front 101

causes of this electrolyte imbalance is excessive dietary intake of Ca or Vitamin D, GI fluid losses, diuretics, malnutrition, pancreatitis, alcoholism

Back 101

hypomagnesemia

Front 102

Symptons of this are increased muscle cell irritability and contractility, low BP, arrythmias

Back 102

hypomagnesemia

Front 103

memmory jogger for hypomagnesemia
STARVED

Back 103

seizures, tetany, anorexia, rapid heart rate, vmoiting, emotional liability, deep tendon reflexes increased

Front 104

these cause what electrolyte embalance. Renal failure, excessive use off magnesium containing products, diabetic keto acidosis

Back 104

hypermagnesemia

Front 105

Memory jogger for hypermagnesemia
RENAL

Back 105

Reflexes decreased, ECG changes, Nausea and vomiting, appearnce flused, lethargic

Front 106

Water pushing pressure

Back 106

hydrostatic pressure

Front 107

the movement of electrolytes into and out of a cell

Back 107

diffusion

Front 108

the movement of water only through a selectively permeable membrane

Back 108

osmosis

Front 109

the unit of measure in a liter of solution that reflects the concentration of solutes

Back 109

osmolality

Front 110

the movement of fluid through a membrane usually occurs from capillaries to the interstitial space

Back 110

filtration

Front 111

Populations at risk for dehydration include:
a. infants
b. adolescents
c. patients with congestive heart failure

Back 111

A.

Front 112

Checking for orthostatic hypotension allows the nurse to detect early signs of:
a. hypovolemia
b. low serum osmolality
c. high serum osmolality

Back 112

A

Front 113

Signs of hypervolemia include:
a. rapid bounding pulse
b. clear, watery sputum
c. sever hypertension

Back 113

A

Front 114

Water intoxication can be caused by:
a. administering too much hypertonic fluid. B. administering to much hypotonic fluid. C. sever hypertension

Back 114

B

Front 115

Besides its responsibility for fluid balance, sodium is also responsible for:
a. Good eyesite
b. bone structure
c. impulse transmission

Back 115

C

Front 116

symptoms of hyponatremia inlcude:
a. headache, anxiety, and edema
b. rapid breathing, thirst, and high energy level
c. chest pain, fever, pericardial rub

Back 116

a

Front 117

increased serum sodium causes thirst and the relase of:
a. potassium into the cells
b. fluid into the interstitium
c. ADH into the blood stream

Back 117

C

Front 118

Correction of hypernatremia must be done slowly in order to avoid:
a. cellular swelling and possible brain damage
b. in a rebound effect of hyponatremia
c. inaccurate lab results caused by rapid change

Back 118

A

Front 119

Potassium is responsible for;
A building muscle mass
b. building bone structure and strength. c. maintaining the hearbeat

Back 119

C

Front 120

Stewert has a potassium level of 5.5mEq/L which intervention is appropriate?
a. increase dietary intake of bananas, oragnes and tomatoes
b. low dose oral potassium supplements.
c. kayexalate ingestion

Back 120

C

Front 121

neromuscular signs and symptoms of hypokalemia include:
a. Confusion and irritability
b. Diminished deep tendon reflexes
c. parkinsonian type tremors

Back 121

B

Front 122

In addition to calcium's regulatin of muscle contractions/relaxation, it also:
a. is necessary for blood coagulation
bl regulates cellular balance along with potassium
c. maintains an acid-base balance

Back 122

a

Front 123

A condition of hypocalcemia results in the following:
a. positive homan's sign
b. positive chvosteks sign
c. negative trousseaus sign

Back 123

B

Front 124

Hyper calcemia may cause lethargy confusion, weakness and :
a. kidney stones
b. tooth growth
c. bone fractures

Back 124

a

Front 125

Magnesium is an important electrolye because it:
a. helps control urine volume
b. promotes the production of growth hormone
c. facilitates neuromucular transmission

Back 125

C

Front 126

your patient has crohn's disease develops tremors while receiving total parenteral nutrition. Suspecting that she might have hypomagnesemia, you assess her neuromuscular system. you would expect to see:
a. homan's sign
b. chvostek's sign
c. hypoactive deep tendon reflexes

Back 126

B

Front 127

when teaching your patient with hypomagnesemia about a proper diet, you should recommend that he consume plenty of.
a. Seafood
bl fruits
c. corn products

Back 127

A