Electrolytes

Front 1

Normal Sodium (cation)

Back 1

134-145 mEq/L

Front 2

Normal Potassium (cation)

Back 2

3.5-4.5 mEq/L

Front 3

Normal Calcium (cation)

Back 3

8-10.5 mEq/L

Front 4

Normal Magnesium (cation)

Back 4

1.5-2.5 mEq/L

Front 5

Normal chloride (anion)

Back 5

95-105 meq/L

Front 6

Normal Bicarbonate (anion)

Back 6

24-30 mEq/L

Front 7

Normal Phosphate (anion)

Back 7

2.5-4.5 mEq/L

Front 8

Normal Sulfate (anion)

Back 8

1 mEq/L

Front 9

Normal Lactate (anion)

Back 9

2 mEq/L

Front 10

Normal Total Protein (anion)

Back 10

6-8.4 mEq/L

Front 11

major ICF cation

Back 11

Potassium

Front 12

major ECF cation

Back 12

Sodium

Front 13

Causes prominent U waves

Back 13

Hypokalemia (decreased potassium)

also drugs as digoxin, sotalol, amiodarone, quinidine, procainamide

Front 14

Causes peaked T-waves

Back 14

Hyperkalemia (increased potassium) also hyppermagnesimia

Front 15

Most common causes of hyponatremia

Back 15

water intoxication, CHF, ARF, DKA, SIADH, diuretics, GI loss, diaphoresis, burns

S/S confusion, HA, poor concentration, anorexia, stupor, seizure, death

Front 16

Most common causes of Hypernatremia

Back 16

water loss, hypertonic tube feedings, diabetes insipidus, renal failure

S/S thirst, hyperpyrexia, dry mouth, lethargy, irritability, seizure, hallucinations

Front 17

Most common causes of hypokalemia

Back 17

diuretics, fluid loss, GI losses, hyperglycemia, hyperaldostronism (renal issue), bulimia

S/S fatigue, anorexia, muscle weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, depressed T wave, peaked P waves

Front 18

Most common causes of hyperkalemia

Back 18

Renal failure, cellular damage, DKA, SLE, Burns, Addison's disease (adrenal failure), medications (ACEs)

S/S weakness, N/V Flat P wave, elevated T wave, myalgia, bradycardia

Front 19

Fluid Balance

Back 19

Sodium reabsorption and excretion are driving forces of osmolarity

Front 20

chloride

Back 20

aids in digestion, buffering and osmotic pressure

major ECF anion and inverse with bicarb

Front 21

Sodium and potassium pump

Back 21

sodium pumped out of ICF and Potassium pumped into the ICF

Front 22

solutes limited to ECF

Back 22

sodium and glucose

Front 23

changes in concentration produce osmotic gradients

Back 23

water movements occur between the ECF and ICF, water moves from a low to high solute concentration

Front 24

Effect of decreased sodium

Back 24

water shifts from the ECF to ICF

Front 25

Effect of increased sodium or hyperglycemia

Back 25

water shifts out of the ICF (contracted) into the ECF

Front 26

Osmolarity formula

Back 26

2 x (Na) + (glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8)

Normal

Front 27

Increased Chloride causes and s/s

Back 27

ARF, ETOH, metabolic acidosis, aspirin OD, MM,

Deep breaths, lethargy, coma

Front 28

Decreased Chloride causes and s/s

Back 28

CKD, CHF, Addison's/adrenal suppression

shallow breathing, hypertonicity, tetany

Front 29

Serum Ca- total Ca in blood

Back 29

50% is ioninized or free and 50% is bound to protein (albumin)

Front 30

calcium is regulated by

Back 30

endocrine regulation via parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonis

Front 31

calcium reflects status of

Back 31

Parathyroid, Thyroid, Renal function (protein, albumin, phosphorus), malignancies

Front 32

increased calcium causes and s/s

Back 32

dehydration, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyrodism, malignancy (most common), immobilization, medications

calculi, bone pain, hypotonic muscles

Front 33

Decreased calcium causes and s/s

Back 33

Chronic kidney disease, ETOH, pancreatitis, hypoparathyroidism, ARF, elevated phosphate, done disorders, medication, previous thyroid surgery (most common)

arrythmia, paresthesia in face, hands and feet, muscle spasms, seizures

Front 34

Phosphorous

Back 34

main ICF anion, 12%-16% in blood, regulated by parathyroid, inverse excretory relation to calcium, acid-base, energy, bone growth, metabolism of glucose and lipids

higher in children due to bone growth

Front 35

Magensium

Back 35

Mainly an ICF cation, effects GI and renal systems, required in ATP, neuromuscular function, energy, clotting, reflects renal function, electrolyte status

Front 36

increased Magensium causes and s/s

Back 36

Dehydration, CKD, ARF, hypothyroidism, DKA, Medications

decreased BP, HR, RR and DTRs, sedation, Long PR and QT, wide QRS

Front 37

decreased Magnesium causes and s/s

Back 37

ETOH, GI/nutritional disease, decreased calcium, Kcl, medications (aminoglycocides) decreased magnesium leads to hypoparathyroidism adn a corresponding decrease in serum PTH and calcium

Arrythmia (VF, VT, long PR/QT), 3 Ts twitch, tremor, tetany

Front 38

Alkaline Phosphatase

Back 38

enzyme from bilary cells and osteoblasts, excreted by liver, slight increase with eldery and adolescents, Tumor Marker for osteosarcoma, breast and prostate Ca with mets to bone

Front 39

Increased Alk Phos causes

Back 39

normal child, pregnancy, elderly, obstructive jaundice, cone fractur, osteoblastic mets, drugs (estrogen, erythromycin)

Front 40

Decreased Alk Phos causes

Back 40

hypothyroidism, pernicious anemia, decreased phosphate levels, increased Vit D levels, malnutrition