Ek Lecture 5 - The Endocrine System

Front 1

exocrine glands

Back 1

release enzymes to the external environment through ducts

Hint 1

includes sweat, oil, mucus and digestive glands

Front 2

endocrine glands

Back 2

release hormones directly into body fluids

Hint 2

effects are to alter metabolic activities, regulate growth and development and guide reproduction

Front 3

peptide hormones

Back 3

large or small, derived from peptides, often include carbohydrate portions
attach to a m.b. receptor

Hint 3

water soluble, but have a hard time diffusing through the membrane of the effector

Front 4

intracellular second messenger

Back 4

activates or deactivates enzymes and/or ion channels and often create a cascade of chemical reactions that amplifies the effect of the first messenger, the hormone

Hint 4

cAMP, cGMP, calmodulin

Front 5

anterior pituitary hormones

Back 5

FSH, LH, ACTH, hGH, TSH, prolactin

Front 6

posterior pituitary hormones

Back 6

ADH, oxytocin

Front 7

parathyroid hormone

Back 7

PTH

Front 8

pancreatic hormone

Back 8

glucagon, insulin

Front 9

steroid hormones

Back 9

derived from and chemically similar to steroids
formed in the smooth ER and mitochondria
acts at the transcription level
increase certain membrane or cellular proteins within the effector

Hint 9

lipids, therefore require a protein transport molecule in order to dissolve in the blood stream, but they diffuse through the membrane of the effector

Front 10

tyrosine derivatives

Back 10

formed by enzymes in the cytosol or the rough ER

Hint 10

lipid soluble; carried in the blood by plasma protein carriers

Front 11

anterior pituitary

Back 11

releases six major peptide hormones
hGH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin

Front 12

hypothalamus

Back 12

controls the release of anterior pituitary hormones

Front 13

human growth hormone (hGH)

Back 13

peptide
stimulates growth in almost all cells of the body by:
incr episodes of mitosis
incr cell size
incr rate of protein synthesis
mobilizing fat stores
incr use of fatty acids for energy
decr use of glucose

Front 14

adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

Back 14

peptide
stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids via the second messenger system using cAMP

Hint 14

stimulated by stress

Front 15

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Back 15

peptide
stimulates thyroid to release T3 and T4 via sec mess sys using cAMP
incr thyroid cell size, number and rate of secretion of T3 and T4

Front 16

prolactin

Back 16

peptide
promotes milk production (lactation) by breasts

Front 17

posterior pituitary

Back 17

composed mainly of support tissue for nerve endings extending from hypothalamus

Front 18

oxytocin

Back 18

peptide
increases uterine contractions during pregnancy
causes milk to be ejected from breasts

Front 19

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/vasopressin

Back 19

peptide from post pituitary
causes collecting ducts of kidneys to become permeable to water, reducing urine output

Hint 19

also increases blood pressure

Front 20

adrenal glands

Back 20

located on top of kidneys

Front 21

adrenal cortex

Back 21

outside portion of the gland that secretes steroid hormones, mineral corticoids and glucocorticoids

Front 22

mineral corticoids

Back 22

steroid
affect electrolyte balance in the blood stream

Front 23

glucocorticoids

Back 23

steroid
incr blood glucose concentration
greater effect on fat and protein metabolism

Front 24

aldosterone

Back 24

steroid
incr Na+ reabsoprtion and K+ secretion in collecting tubule of kidney

Hint 24

secondary effect - incr blood pressure

Front 25

cortisol

Back 25

steroid; glucocorticoid
incr blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis
degrades adipose tissue to fatty acids to be used for energy

Hint 25

stress hormone

Front 26

gluconeogenesis

Back 26

creating of glucose and glycogen (mainly in liver) from amino acids, glycerol and/or lactic acid

Front 27

epinephrine/adrenaline

Back 27

catecholamines; tyrosine derivatives
vasoconstrictors (constrict blood vessels) of most internal organs and skin
vasodilators (incr blood flow) of skeletal muscle

Hint 27

stress hormones
fight or flight

Front 28

norepinephrine/noradrenaline

Back 28

catecholamines; tyrosine derivatives
vasoconstrictors (constrict blood vessels) of most internal organs and skin
vasodilators (incr blood flow) of skeletal muscle

Hint 28

stress hormones
fight or flight

Front 29

thyroxine (T3 and T4)

Back 29

tyrosine derivatives
diffuse through the lipid bilayer and act in the nucleus of the cells of their effector

Hint 29

lipid soluble

Front 30

basal metabolic rate

Back 30

resting metabolic rate

Front 31

calcitonin

Back 31

peptide released by thyroid
slightly decr blood calcium by decr osteclast activity and number

Front 32

insulin

Back 32

peptide hormone released by beta cells of the pancreas
affects carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism
lower glucose levels

Front 33

glucagon

Back 33

peptide hormone released by the alpha cells of the pancreas
raise blood glucose levels

Front 34

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 34

peptide released from the parathyroid gland
incr blood calcium

Front 35

spermatogonia

Back 35

located in the seminiferous tubules, they rise from epithelial tissue to become spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa

Front 36

seminiferous tubules

Back 36

location of the production of sperm

Front 37

testosterone

Back 37

steroid released from testes primary androgen (male sex hormone) the stimulates the germ cells to become sperm

Hint 37

secondary sex characteristics

Front 38

epididymus

Back 38

coiled tubule located adjacent to the testes where sperm are store

Front 39

vas deferens

Back 39

tube in which sperm travel from the epididymis to the urethra

Front 40

semen

Back 40

complete mixture of sperm and fluid ejaculated out of the penis

Front 41

seminal vesicle

Back 41

gland in males that secretes a fluid component of semen that lubricates and nourishes sperm

Front 42

prostate

Back 42

gland that secretes an acid neutralizing component of sperm

Front 43

bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands)

Back 43

secretes fluid that lubricates and neutralizes acids in the urethra during sexual arousal

Front 44

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 44

peptide produced and secreted by anterior pituitary that stimulates production of eggs and sperm

Front 45

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 45

peptide produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovulation and androgen production

Front 46

zona pellucida

Back 46

viscous substance around the egg secreted by the granulosa cells

Front 47

estradiol/estrogen

Back 47

steroid hormone that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics

Front 48

ovulation

Back 48

release of the egg from the ovary

Front 49

luteal surge

Back 49

just before ovulation, the estradiol levels increase rapidly causing a dramatic increase in LH secretion

Front 50

fallopian/uterine tube/oviduct

Back 50

tube passing from ovary to the vagina

Front 51

corpus luteum

Back 51

remaining portion of the follicle after the egg has been pushed out that secretes estradiol and progesterone throughout pregnancy or in the event of no pregnancy degrades into the corpus albicans

Front 52

corpus albicans

Back 52

regressed form of corpus luteum

Front 53

follicular phase

Back 53

begins with the development of the follicle and ends with ovulation

Front 54

luteal phase

Back 54

begins with ovulation and ends with the degeneration of the corpus luteum into the corpus albicans

Front 55

flow

Back 55

shedding of uterine lining lasting approximately 5 days

Front 56

ovum

Back 56

the haploid female gamete

Front 57

fertilization

Back 57

union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote

Front 58

cleavage

Back 58

succession of rapid cell divisions with growth that converts a zygote into a ball of cells

Front 59

morula

Back 59

a zygote composed of 8 or more cells

Front 60

blastocyst

Back 60

hollow ball of cells produced one week after fertilization

Hint 60

made up of embryonic stem cells

Front 61

implantation

Back 61

when the blastocyst lodges in the uterus

Hint 61

marks pregnancy

Front 62

human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg)

Back 62

peptide secreted by egg
prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum and maintains secretion of estrogen and progesterone

Hint 62

presence in the blood and urine outward sign of pregnancy

Front 63

placenta

Back 63

structure in pregnant uterus that nourishes fetus with mother's blood supply

Front 64

determination

Back 64

process by which a cell becomes committed to a specialized developmental path

Front 65

differentiation

Back 65

specialization that occurs at the end of development forming a specialized tissue cell

Front 66

gastrula

Back 66

three layered cup shaped embryonic stage (ectoderm, mesoderm, endotherm)

Front 67

neurulation

Back 67

formation of neural tubs from external sheet of cells

Front 68

notochord

Back 68

made from mesoderm, induces thickening of of ectoderm and the formation of the neural plate

Front 69

induces

Back 69

when one cell type affects the direction of differentation of another cell type

Front 70

apoptosis

Back 70

programmed cell death