Biology Skeletal And Muscular System

Front 1

What are the 3 types of muscle tissues?

Back 1

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

Front 2

What are the 4 possible functions of muscle contractions?

Back 2

Body movement

stabilization of body position

movement of substances through the body

generating heat to maintain body temperature

Front 3

Which type of muscle tissue connects bones together?

Back 3

Skeletal muscles

Front 4

What is considered an agonist muscle and an antagonist muscle?

Back 4

Agonist muscles contract the movement

Antagonist muscles stretch

Front 5

What is the function of synergistic muscles?

Back 5

assist agonist muscles by stabilizing the origin bone or positioning the insertion bone during movement

Front 6

When cold, people will shiver. Which muscle type is being controlled by the hypothalamus in order to warm the body?

Back 6

skeletal muscle

Front 7

What is the smallest functional unit of a muscle?

Back 7

Sarcomere

Front 8

What are the 2 protein filaments of the sarcomere called?

Back 8

Myosin -thick filament

Actin - thin filament

Front 9

What is a myofibril composed of?

Back 9

Myofibril is composed of sarcomere laying side by side.

Front 10

Which ion is the sarcoplasmic reticulum of each myofibril composed of?

Back 10

Ca⁺²

Front 11

What do several myofibrils form when they are wrapped in sarcolemma?

Back 11

a muscle fiber or cell

Front 12

Describe the power stroke.

Back 12

1. Myosin head binding site on actin is covered by tropomyosin

2. Myosin head is in high energy position with ATP attached,

3. Ca⁺² binds to tropin, which pulls tropomyosin back, exposing the active site, allowing myosin head to bind to actin

4. ATP gets used up, and myosin head bends to lower energy state., dragging actin along with it.

5. ATP attaches to myosin head and this releases the head from active site.

Front 13

Which neurotransmitter is released into the neuromuscular synapse during muscle contraction?

Back 13

Acetylcholine

Front 14

Which structure in the muscle carries an action potential allowing for a more unified muscle contraction? Where does the action potential lead to and what does it do?

Back 14

T-Tubules
sarcoplasmic reticulum increasing Ca⁺² permability

AcH is released into the synaptic cleft, which activates ion channels forming another action potential in the sarcolemma. The action potential is carried through the T-tubules into deep muscle cells. T-tubules allow for rapid movement of the action potential and will be transferred to the sarcoplasmuc reticulum, making it permeable to Ca⁺². Ca⁺² comes out to activate the power stroke

Front 15

What is a motor unit comprised of?

Back 15

neuron
&
muscle fibers innervated by the neuron

Note: Not all muscle fibers from a muscle contracts at once. From 2 (small) to 2000 (large) fibers spread throughout the muscle are innervated by a single neuron

Front 16

What size motor units are found for intricate movements like the finger?

Back 16

Small motor units

Front 17

What size motor units are found for large movements like walking

Back 17

large motor units

Front 18

How many subunits does myoglobin have?

Back 18

1 subunit

Front 19

How many molecules of O₂ can myoglobin carry?

Back 19

1 molecule

Front 20

Can muscle cells undergo mitosis?

Back 20

No muscle cells cannot divide, only in rare cases. They undergo hypertrophy

Front 21

Which muscle tissue types are striated?

Back 21

Cardiac muscle

Skeletal muscle

Front 22

How many nuclei do cardiac muscle cells have?

Back 22

one nucleus

Front 23

What structure separates cardiac muscles from one another?

Back 23

intercalated disc

Front 24

Which type of junction is found in cardiac muscle and what is its function?

Back 24

gap junction: allows for action potential to spread from one cardiac cell to the next by electrical synapses

Front 25

Are cardiac muscles connected to bone?

Back 25

No

Front 26

The action potential of cardiac muscles show a plateau after deplorization. Which ion causes this plateau and what purpose does it serve?

Back 26

Ca⁺² influx into the the membrane making it positive

Plateau lengthens the time of contraction

Front 27

How many nuclei do smooth muscle cells have?

Back 27

one nucleus

Front 28

What are the 3 types of filaments found in smooth muscles?

Back 28

Thick filament

Thin Filament

Intermediate filament

Front 29

What are the intermediate filaments attached to?

Back 29

Dense bodies

Note: When intermediate filaments contract, they pull the dense bodies, which then contracts the cell, making it shrink length-wise

Front 30

What are the 2 types of smooth muscles called?

Back 30

Single unit - aka visceral

Multiunit

Front 31

Where can single-unit smooth muscles be found?

Back 31

small arteries and veins

stomach

Intestines

Uterus

Urinary bladder

Front 32

Which type of junction are found in smooth muscles?

Back 32

Gap junctions, allowing the cells to contract as a unit

Front 33

Which type of smooth muscle can contract independently of other muscles in the same area, and why?

Back 33

Multiunit because each multiunit muscle is directly attached to its own neuron. A single unit muscle have 1 neuron attached to it

Multi: --O --O --O
single: --OOO -OOO

Front 34

What are the 6 functions of bone?

Back 34

supports soft tissue

protects internal organs

assist in movements

mineral storage

blood cell production

energy storage - adipose

Front 35

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

Back 35

Osteoblast

Osteocytes

osteoclast

osteoprogenitor - differentiate into osteoblast

Front 36

What is the function of osteoblast?

Back 36

Secretes collagen and organic compounds to make bone

Front 37

What is the function of osteocytes?

Back 37

Exchange nutrients and waste materials with blood

Front 38

What type of cell does osteoblast turn into?

Back 38

Osteoblast turn into osteocytes when they are surrounded by their own secretions (collagen and organic compounds)

Front 39

What is the function of osteoclast?

Back 39

resorb bone matrix, releasing it back into the blood

Front 40

Which 2 bone cell types cannot undergo mitosis?

Back 40

osteoblast

osteocytes

Front 41

Which type of bone contains red bone marrow?

Back 41

Spongy bone

Front 42

What type of bone contains yellow bone marrow?

Back 42

compact bone

Front 43

Which bone cell is responsible for producing Haversian canals in compact bone?

Back 43

Osteoclast - remember these bone cells are responsible for releasing bone into blood.

Note:
Osteoblast follow and form new matrix onto the tunnel walls forming lamellae

Front 44

What are 7 important functions of the skin?

Back 44

Thermoregulation

Protection

Environmental Sensory Input

Excretion

Immunity

Blood Reservior

Vitamin D synthesis

Front 45

Which layer of the skin are blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles located?

Back 45

dermis