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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Annexation
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to incorporate a territory into an existing political unit, such as a state or nation.
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Antebellum
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- belonging to the period before the civil war.
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Abolition
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movement to end slavery.
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Anaconda plan
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a three-part strategy by which the Union proposed to defeat the confederacy in the civil war.
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Capitalism
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- an economic system in which private individuals and corporations control the means of production and use them to earn points.
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Cash crop
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- a crop grown by a farmer for sale rather than personal use.
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Checks and Balances
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- the provisions in the U.S. constitution that prevent any branch of the U.S. government from dominating the other two branches.
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Colonization - the establishment of outlying settlements by a parent country
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- the establishment of outlying settlements by a parent country
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Columbian Exchange
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- the transfer beginning with Columbus’s first voyage of plants, animals and diseases between the Western hemisphere and the Eastern hemisphere.
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Confederacy
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- the Confederate States of America, a confederation formed in 1861 by the southern states after their succession from the union.
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Conscription
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the drafting of citizens for military service
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Embargo
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a government ban on trade with one or more other nations.
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Habeaus corpus
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a court order requiring authorities to bring a prisoner before the court so that the court can determine whether the prisoner is being held legally.
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Impressment
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- the forcible seizure of men for military service.
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Infrastructure
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- the basic structure or features of a organization or a system.
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Isolationism
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- opposition to relationships with other countries. (economic and political.)
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Judicial review
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- the Supreme court’s power to declare and act of congress unconstitional.
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Manifest destiny
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- the 19th-century belief that the United States would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific ocean and into Mexican territory.
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Martial law
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- temporary rule by military rather than civilian authority.
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Mass production
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- the production of goods in large quantities, made possible by the use of machinery and the division of labor.
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Mercantilism
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- an economic system in which nations seek to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade.
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Mercenaries
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- soldier fighting for money: a professional soldier paid to fight for an army other than that of his or her country.
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Middle passage
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- the voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the West Indies and later to North America.
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Nativism
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- favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people.
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Popular Sovereignty
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- a system in which the residents vote to decide an issue.
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Precedent
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- established practice: an established custom or practice
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Salutary neglect
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- an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies’ continued economic loyalty.
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Secession
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- the formal withdrawal of a state from the union.
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Spoils system
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- the practice of winning candidates’ rewarding their supporters with government jobs.
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Suffrage
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-the right to vote.
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Tariff
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a excise tax placed on goods.
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Temperance
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- an organized effort to prevent the drinking of alcoholic beverages.
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Triangular trade
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- the transatlantic system of trade in which goods and people. Including slaves, were exchanged between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America.
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Underground railroad
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- A system of routes along which the runaway slaves were helped to escape to Canada or to safe areas in the free states.
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John Adams -
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2nd president - 1797 - 1801 - Federalist - built up U.S. navy, signed alien and seduction act of 1798, fought Quassi war with France.
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John Quincy Adams
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- 6th president - 1825 - 1829 - Republican - Monroe Doctrine
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James Buchanan
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- 15th president -1857 - 1861 - Democrat - Dred Scott case
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Andrew Jackson - 7th president - 1829 - 1837 - Democrat
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- Indian Removal act, opposition to national bank, nullification crisis.
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Thomas Jefferson -
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3rd president - 1801 - 1809 - Democratic-republican - Marbury vs. Madison case, Embargo act of 1807, Louisiana purchase.
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Abraham Lincoln
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- 16th president - 1861 - 1865 - Republican - Civil war, Gettysburg address.
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James Madison
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4th president - 1809 - 1817 - democratic - republican - war of 1812, Admitted Louisiana, and Indiana as states.
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James K. Polk
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- 11th president - 1845 - 1849 - Democrat - annexation of Texas and war with Mexico.
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Zachary Taylor
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- 12th president - 1849 - 1850 - Whig - compromise of 1850
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George Washington
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- 1st president - 1789 - 1797 - no political party - set presidential precedent
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Alamo
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- a mission and fort in San Antonio Texas where Mexican forces massacred rebellious Texans in 1836.
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Antietam creek
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bloodiest battle in us history
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Appomattox Courthouse
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- place where Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865, ending the civil war.
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Fort McHenry
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- a fort that grant had taken over on the Mississippi R. within 11 days of being commander.
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Fort Sumter
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- The beginning of the civil war, south were forced to fire the first shot,
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Gettysburg
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- after a bloody battle, the famous Gettysburg speech was given telling the men to keep fighting.
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Lexington
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- first battle in the revolutionary war.
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New Orleans
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made the movement of goods across the country possible by sending around to the New Orleans port and up the Mississippi R.
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Saratoga
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the victory of Americans.
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Vicksburg
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a union victory, taking 1 of 2 holdouts from complete control of Mississippi R.
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Yorktown
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The Americans and French had won, Last major battle of the revolutionary war.
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Bacon’s rebellion
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- An army raised by Bacon to fight native Americans on the Virginia Frontier to get land.
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Boston Massacre
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a clash between British soldiers and in 1770, in which five of the colonists were killed.
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Boston tea party
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- the dumping of 18,000 pounds of tea into the Boston harbor by colonist to protest the tea act.
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French and Indian war
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- a conflict in North American lasting from 1754 - 1763, that was a part of a world wide struggle between France and Britain that ended with the defeat of the French. French Canada to Britain.
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Gettysburg Address
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- a famous speech from Lincoln, do not let these men die in vain, keep the war going until we win.
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Industrial Revolution
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- the change in social and economic organization the resulted from the replacement of hand tools for machines and from the development of large-scale industrial production.
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Lincoln - Douglas Debates
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- A series of debates that Lincoln challenged Douglas to. Douglas believed strongly in popular sovereignty, Lincoln believed slavery was immoral.
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Nullification crisis
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- South Carolina had threatened to nullify the tariff since it was their right, which would to little power in national government, so clay made a compromise to end this.
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Salem witch trials
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- a hysteria where many had produced false accusations that there people were practicing witch craft putting the in prison. 19 had been hanged, 1 crushed to death, 5 died in jail, and 150 were imprisoned.
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Second great awakening
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- a 19th century religious movement in which individual responsibility for seeking salvation was emphasized, along with the need for personal and social improvement.
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Seneca Falls Convention
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- a women’s rights convention held in Seneca falls NY
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Trail of tears
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- the marches in which the Cherokee were forcibly moved to Georgia with 1/5 of the tribe dying on the way.
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War of 1812
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- had gone to war with Britain because it had believed that Britain was trying to end the economy and trade in America.
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Anti-federalists
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- an opponent of strong central government.
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. Bank of the U.S.
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- either of the two nation banks, funded by the federal government and private investors, established by Congress, the first in 1791 and the second in 1816
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Conquistadors
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- one of the Spaniards who traveled to the Americas as an explorer and conqueror in the 16th century.
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Continental Congresses
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- delegates met and drew up a declaration of the states rights. Defended the right to run their own rights.
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Democratic Party
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- limited national government, supported state governments and opposed a national bank.
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Federalist Party
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- supporters of the constitution and a strong national government.
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49-ers
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- One of the people who migrated to California in searches of riches after gold was discovered there.
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Iroquois
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- a group of Native American peoples inhabiting the woodlands to the north east.
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Democratic - Republicans (Jeffersonian)
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- a political party known for its support of strong state governments, founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1792 in opposition to the federalist party.
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Joint stock companies
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- businesses in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose.
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Loyalists
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- colonists who supported the British government during the American revolution.
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Patriots
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- colonists who supported American Independence from Britain.
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Puritans
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- members of a group that wanted to eliminate all traces of roman catholic ritual and traditions in the Church of England.
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Quakers
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- members of a society and friends, a religious group persecuted for its beliefs in 17th century England.
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Republican party
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- modern political party that was formed in 1854 by opponents of slavery in the territories.
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Sons of Liberty
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- Group designed to change the treatment of the colonists from British Parliament.
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War hawks
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-one of the members of congress who favored war with Britain in the early years of the 19th century.
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Whigs
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- the political party formed in 1834 to oppose the policies of Andrew Jackson.
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John C. Calhoun:
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Vice president under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, he was a senator who wanted slavery in all of the territories won in the war with Mexico
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George III:
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King of Great Britain during the French and Indian War and the revolution
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Henry Clay
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: the American system, was the leader of congress when the Missouri Compromise was passed
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Jefferson Davis:
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was elected as the president of the Confederacy
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Stephen Douglas
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: Freeport Document, debates with Lincoln, and re-instituted the 1850 compromise one piece at a time after Clay left it
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Benjamin Franklin
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: an enlightenment figure, inventor, and was involved in the drafting and passing of the constitution
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Alexander Hamilton:
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constitutional convention, when secretary of the treasury proposed the Bank of the United States
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John Hancock:
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hid when Paul Revere told that the British were coming
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Patrick Henry:
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a leading federalists and founder of the constitution
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Sam Houston:
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Led the Texans in the battle of San Jacinto where they defeated Santa Anna
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John Marshall:
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chief justice of the Supreme Court
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Daniel Webster
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: a Massachusetts senator who worked his way through Congress, he strongly supported Clay’s Compromise
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Santa Anna
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: the Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, he suspended the Mexican constitution in 1824 and had Stephen Austin imprisoned for inciting a revolution, he also revoked local powers in Texas and other Mexican states eventually leading up to the Texas Revolution
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Ulysses S. Grant
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: was an officer in the War with Mexico, in the Civil War he was a head General for the Union
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Stonewall Jackson:
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The confederate general Thomas J. Jackson got the name stonewall during a battle at Bull Run in the Civil war where he was a General
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Marquis de Lafayette:
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a French military leader in the Revolutionary War
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Winfield Scott:
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a U.S. general, involved in the removal of Natives using the trail of tears, in1852 he was the Whig party nominee for president
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William T. Sherman:
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appointed by Grant as commander of the military division of the Mississippi, for the union
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Robert E. Lee
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: was in command of the Union Army during the Civil War after McClellan was hurt
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Alien & Sedition Acts:
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a series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants to the United States
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Articles of Confederation
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: a document, adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1777 and finally approved by the United States in 1781, that outlined the form of government of the new United States
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Bill of Rights
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: the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, added in 1791 and consisting of a formal list of citizens’ rights and freedoms
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Compromise of 1850:
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a series of congressional measures intended to settle the major disagreements between free states and slave states
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Constitution:
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a document that has the main laws for the United States with amendments, the first ten are a bill of rights
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Declaration of independence:
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The document, written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, in which the delegates of the continental congress declared the colonies’ independence from Britain
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Emancipation Proclamation:
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an executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1st, 1863, freeing the slaves in all regions behind Confederate lines
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Fugitive Slave Act:
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a law enacted as part of the Compromise of 1850, designed to ensure that escaped slaves would be returned into bondage
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Gadsden Purchase:
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an 1853 purchase by the United States of land from Mexico establishing the present day U.S. and Mexico boundary
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Great Compromise:
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the constitutional conventions agreement to establish a two-house legislature, with all states getting equal representation in one house and each state having representation based on its population in the other house
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Louisiana Purchase:
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the 1803 purchase by the United States of Frances
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Kansas-Nebraska Act:
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a law enacted in 1854, that established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and gave their residents the right to decide whether or no to allow slavery
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Intolerable Acts:
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a series of laws enacted by Parliament in 1774 to punish Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party
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Monroe Doctrine:
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a policy of United states oppostition to any European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere, announced by President Monroe in 1823
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Missouri Compromise:
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a series of agreements passed by congress in 1820-1821 to maintain the balance of power between free states and slave states
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McCulloch v. Maryland:
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an 1819 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that Maryland had no right to tax the Bank of the United States, thereby strengthening the power of the federal governments control over the economy
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Marbury v. Madison:
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an 1803 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional; this power became known as judicial review
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Louisiana Territory
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-extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains-for $15 Million
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3/5 Compromise:
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the constitutional conventions agreement to count three-fifths of a states slaves as population for purposes of representation and taxation
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Stamp Act:
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a 1765 law in which parliament established the first direct taxation of goods and services within the British Colonies in North America
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Proclamation of 1763:
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an order in which Britain prohibited it’s American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains
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Northwest Ordinance:
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in 1787, a law that established a procedure for the admission of new states into the Union
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Navigation Acts:
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a series of laws enacted by parliament, beginning in 1651, to tighten England’s control of trade in its American colonies
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Monroe Doctrine:
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a policy of United states oppostition to any European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere, announced by President Monroe in 1823
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Missouri Compromise:
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a series of agreements passed by congress in 1820-1821 to maintain the balance of power between free states and slave states
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McCulloch v. Maryland:
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an 1819 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that Maryland had no right to tax the Bank of the United States, thereby strengthening the power of the federal governments control over the economy
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Marbury v. Madison:
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an 1803 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional; this power became known as judicial review
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Louisiana Territory
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-extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains-for $15 Million
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Proclamation of 1763
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: an order in which Britain prohibited it’s American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains
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3/5 Compromise:
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the constitutional conventions agreement to count three-fifths of a states slaves as population for purposes of representation and taxation
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Townshend Acts:
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a series of laws enacted by Parliament in 1767, establishing indirect taxes on goods imported from Britain by the British Colonies in North America
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Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
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the 1848 treaty ending the U.S. war with Mexico, in which Mexico ceded California and New Mexico to the U.S.
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Treaty of Paris:
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in 1783, the treaty that ended the Revolutionary War, confirming independence and setting boundaries of the new nation
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Stamp Act:
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a 1765 law in which parliament established the first direct taxation of goods and services within the British Colonies in North America
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Clara Barton
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: a Union Nurse during the Civil War, she started the Red Cross
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John Wilkes Booth
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: Assasinated Abraham Lincoln in 1865
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John Brown
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: an abolitionists, believed God had called on him to fight slavery, known for the Pottawatomie Massacre where he hoped to start a slave revolution, it failed by led to Bleeding Kansas
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William Clark:
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Set off with Meriwether Lewis to go and explore the West in 1803
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Dorthea Dix:
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helped to reform jails and prisons
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Frederick Douglas
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: born as a slave, knew how to read and write, but had jobs other than slavery because he was literate, he earned top wages but couldn’t keep them, Garrison used him to talk to audiences
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Ralph Waldo Emerson:
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a New England writer, led a group of transcendentalists
William Lloyd Garrison: a radical white abolitionist, had his own paper The Liberator |
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Sam Houston
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: Led the Texans in the battle of San Jacinto where they defeated Santa Anna
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Anne Hutchinson:
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was banished by Puritan Leaders because she taught other ways
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Meriwether Lewis:
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went with William Clark to explore the West
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Cyrus McCormick
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: invented the mechanical reaper which helped to allow one farmer to do the work of five
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Thomas Paine:
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wrote Common Sense a pamphlet criticizing King George III
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Chief Pontiac
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: Fought against Great Britain over control of the Ohio River Valley
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Sacajawea:
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met by Lewis and Clark on their journey West, was a native American, served as an interpreter and guide to them
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Dred Scott:
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a slave whose owner died and he wanted freedom, the case went to the Supreme Court and he was denied freedom
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Daniel Shays
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: a farmer who didn’t want to lose his farm, Shay’s Rebellion, a rebellion by farmers
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John Smith:
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helped England’s small North American Settlement, the Virginia Company, to survive
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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: went to worlds anti-slavery convention with her husband but her and other women weren’t allowed in, so they planned their own convention, the first womens rights convention
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
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: the author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin which was published in 1852
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Tecumseh
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: the Shawnee Chief believed that Natives needed to form a united Native American Nation to protect their homelands
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Henry David Thoreau:
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Ralph Waldo Emerson’s friend put the idea of self-reliance into practice
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Sojourner Truth:
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names Isabella Baumfree, a slave for thirty years who then went around the country talking and arguing for abolition
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Harriet Tubman
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: a main force in the Underground Railroad program which freed slaves
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Nat Turner
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: a slave, a preacher, wanted to lead his people out of bondage
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Eli Whitney
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: an inventor who made the first musket with interchangeable parts, he also invented the cotton gin in 1793
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Roger Williams
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: an extreme separatists who believed that “forced religion stinks”
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Brigham Young:
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When Joseph Smith a man killed for polygamy and Mormon leader was murdered Brigham Young was his successor
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