Ees 101 Iii--1St Column

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Sedimentary Rocks & Sediment

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Rocks composed of sediment
--particles of mineral/ broken rock

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Sedimentation

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--the polar opposite of erosion, i.e., the terminal end of sediment transport

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Clasts

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pieces of pre-existing rock

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Cement

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fine-grained minerals which bind the coarser-grained matrix in sedimentary rocks.

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Weathering

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breaking down of rocks, soils and minerals as well as artificial materials through contact with the Earth's atmosphere, biota and waters.

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Erosion

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the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity.

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Transportation

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movement of material across the Earth's surface by water, wind, ice or gravity.
--Saltation, dissolution, suspension

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Deposition

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---material is added to a landform or land mass
--forces responsible for sediment transportation are no longer sufficient to overcome the forces of particle weight and friction, creating a resistance to motion

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Lithification

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eposited loose grains of sediment are converted into rock. Lithification may occur at the time a sediment is deposited or later

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Compaction

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--process by which a sediment progressively loses its porosity due to the effects of loading
--As more sediment is deposited above the layer, the effect of the increased loading is to increase the particle-to-particle stresses resulting in porosity reduction

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Cementation

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large particles bound together by natural cements-->(inorganically precipitated from dissolved compounds in ground water)

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Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

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---clastic sediment that went through compaction and cementation (lithification)
1. Gravel-->Conglomerate
2.Sand--> Sanstone
3.Silt--> siltstone
4.Clay-->shale

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Clast Size

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1. Gravel > 2mm
2.Sand < 2mm to >.06mm
3.Silt <.06mm
4.Clay

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Clast Compositon

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1. Gravel
2.Sand
3.Silt
4.Clay

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Angularity and Sphericity

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Used to describe the shape of the corners on a particle (or clast) of sediment.

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Sorting

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Grains separated by density and size

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Character of Cement

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Biochemical Sedimentary Rock

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H20 is saturated with cations and anions. Water leaves, these create ionic and covalent bonds.
--evaporites--halite, gypsum
--inorganic precipitation--grain space filled with precipitated sediment

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Organic Sedimentary Rock

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Form from the accumulation of plant or animal debris.
--coal

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Biochemical Limestone

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Coquina

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is a sedimentary rock that is composed either wholly or almost entirely of the transported, abraded, and mechanically sorted fragments of the shells of either molluscs, trilobites, brachiopods, or other invertebrates. >2mm

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Biochemical Chert

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formed when the siliceous skeletons of marine plankton are dissolved during diagenesis, with silica being precipitated from the resulting solution.

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Coal

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peat undergoes compaction, heat, and time

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Oil Shale

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organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock. Shale oil is a substitute for conventional crude oil; however, extracting shale oil from oil shale is more costly than the production of conventional crude oil both financially and in terms of its environmental impact.[

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Evaporites

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variety of individual minerals found in the sedimentary deposit of soluble salts that results from the evaporation of water.

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Halite (NaCl)

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result from the drying up of enclosed lakes, playas, and seas. Evaporite.

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Gypsum (CaSO4)

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Gypsum is deposited from lake and sea water, as well as in hot springs, from volcanic vapors, and sulfate solutions in veins

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Dolostone

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--a sedimentary carbonate ROCK that contains a high percentage of the mineral dolomite.
--Most dolostone formed as a magnesium replacement of limestone or lime mud prior to lithification.

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Dolomite

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carbonate MINERAL composed of calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2.

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Replacement or Precipitated Chert

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Replacement chert forms when other material is replaced by silica, e.g. petrified wood forms when silica rich fluids percolate through dead wood and the silica precipitates to replace the wood.