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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Blepharitis
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inflammatory condition of the lid margins
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Chalazion
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Common granulomatous inflammation of meibomian gland, may follow a hordeolum
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Hordeolum
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Staphylococcal abcess
internal or external (sty) |
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Dacryocystitis/Dacryostenosis
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Infection of the lacrimal sac due to congenital or acquired obstruction
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Entropian
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Inversion of the anatomical eye lid towards the globe
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Ectropian
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Eversion of the eyelid
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Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
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Dry eyes
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Trichiasis
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Abnormally positioned eyelids so that the eyelashes grow back towards the eye
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Xanthelasma
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Yellowish deposits of fat around the eye. Not harmful.
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Epiphora
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Excessive tear production as the result of irritation
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Conjunctivitis
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Inflammation of the conjunctiva
Bacterial: Acute Gonococcal: Hyperacute Trachoma: Asymptomatic chlamydia Inclusion: Symptomatic chlamydia Viral: Adenovirus Type 3 |
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Pterygium
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Fleshy, triangular encroachment of the conjunctiva towards the cornea
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Pinguecula
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Yellow, elevated conjunctival nodule
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Subconjunctival hemmorages
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Bleeding underneath the conjunctiva, it will heal just like a bruise
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Arcus Senilis
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Deposition of extracellular steroid esters of lipoproteins in the corneal periphery (white around the cornea in old people)
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Corneal Abrasion
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Defect in corneal epithelium due to mechanical trauma
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Corneal Contusion
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Contusion caused by blunt force trauma. Can cause vision loss
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Corneal Ulcer
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Local defect in the surface of the cornea.
Infectious or non infectious. Refer. |
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Kayser-Fleischer Ring
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Brown/yellow/green pigmented ring in the peripheral cornea due to copper pigments
Common in Wilson's disease |
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Foreign Bodies
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Foreign objects in the eye.
If metal, may cause rust ring Remove with caution. Refer if on cornea. |
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Hyphema
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Circulating or layered red blood cells in the anterior chamber. Appears Red.
Refer. |
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Hypopyon
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Inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber of the eye. Appears white.
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Keratitis
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Condition in which the cornea becomes inflammed
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Episcleritis
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Inflammation of the epi-sclera
Blanching. |
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Scleritis
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Inflammation of the sclera
Will not blanch. Due to infections, thyroid probs, collagen disorders. Can be spontaneous Refer. |
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Anterior Uveitis
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Inflammation of the anterior uvea (middle eye layer).
Pupil not round, red, painful. Refer. |
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Posterior Uveitis
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Inflammation of the posterior uvea.
Painless, vision loss, floaters. Refer. |
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Cataracts
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Opacity of the lens that causes partial or total blindness.
Nuclear/cortical/subscapular. 50% of all blindness |
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Dislocation of Lens
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Subluxation or luxation of lens.
Blocks flow of fluid from ant chamber to post chamber. Due to blunt trauma. Secondary Angle Closure Glaucoma |
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Glaucoma
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Progressive optic nerve disease associated with visual field loss.
Optic nerve damage/neuropathy. Only sometimes causes increased interoccular pressure. |
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Angle-Closure Glaucoma
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Acute, hurts, unilateral
Improper flow of aqueous Reversible, but its an emergency |
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Open Angle Glaucoma
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Changes in visual field due to optic nerve damage.
Bilateral. |
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Amaurosis Fugax
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Transient MONOCULAR visual loss.
Fleeting Darkness. Veil coming up and down. Treat underlying problem. |
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Diabetic Retinopathy
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Leading cause of blindness in working age americans.
NonProliferative: early stage. Seeping hemorrhages. Retinal micro-aneurysms, Cotton-wool spots Proliferative: later, worse. Retinal neovascularization. Vitreous hemorrhaging PRE-RETINAL HEMORRHAGE |
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Hypertensive Retinopathy
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Damage to retina/poor circulation to retina due to high blood pressure
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Retinal Detachment
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Retina is detached from the wall of the eye.
Rhegmatogenous: "tear" full thickness retinal tear/hole. Can be a posterior vitreous detachment or lattice degeneration. Non-rhegmatogenous: Traction retinal detachment |
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Retinal Vascular Occlusion
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Venous: branch/central. May be reversible. Iris neovasc.
Arterial: branch/central. Branch sometimes reverse, central never. CHERRY RED SPOT. |
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Corneal Abrasion
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Any scratch on the surface of the cornea
Eye emergency |
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Foreign Body on Cornea
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Any foreign body on or through the cornea
Eye emergency |
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Orbital cellulitis
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AKA Postseptal
Infection of orbital tissues posterior to the orbital septum; includes fat and muscle contained within the body orbit. More dangerous, only 6% of cellulitis Eye emergency |
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Retinal Detachment
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Rhegmatogenous or Non-rhegmatogenous
Eye emergency |
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Trauma
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Any blunt force trauma can be an Eye emergency
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Amblyopia
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Lazy eye
Functional reduction in the visual acuity of an eye Vision is unequal in both eyes Types: strabismic, refractive, deprivational |
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Astigmatism
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Irregular curvature of the cornea
Blurred vision at all distances Prescription has three numbers: diopter correction, astigmatism, axis |
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Myopia
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"Near Sightedness"
Can see near Eye is elongated and light focuses in front of retina Negative number, concave lens |
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Hyperopia
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"Far Sightedness"
Can see far Eye is flatter/shorter and light focuses behind retina Positive number, convex lens |
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Pediatric Refractive Errors
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Optical image is not clearly focused on the retina
Common in normal newborns (20/400) Investigate deviations that persist beyond 4 months of age |
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Presbyopia
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Crystalline lens loses flexibility and ability to accommodate for near vision
Due to aging Reading Glasses necessary |
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Strabismus
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A type of amblyopia
"cross-eyed" "wandering eye" Can occur in one or both eyes Esotropia (turn in) Exotropia (turn out) Premature or low birth weight of infants |
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Conductive Hearing Loss
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Due to lesion of the external or middle ear
Equal hearing loss at all frequencies #1 cerumen impaction Weber: increased tone in affected ear Rinne: bone conduction > air conduction |
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Sensorineural
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Due to a lesion in the inner ear (coclea) or CN VIII
#1 presbyacusis/aging Weber: increased tone in normal ear Rinne: air conduction > bone conduction Permanent |
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Cerumen Impaction
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Build up of cerumen that can cause symptoms such as hearing loss, aural fullness, otorrhea, tinnitus, and dizziness
Don't use Q-tips! Debrox oil/CerumenX |
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External Otitis/Otitis Externa
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Inflammation of the external auditory canal/auricle
"Swimmer's Ear" Pseudomonas aeruginosa=most common cause! Pain with tragal pressure and auricle pulled superiorly |
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Pruritis
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Itching of the ear canal
Treat with oral antihistamines |
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Foreign Body of Ear Canal
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Anything other than cerumen in the ear canal.
If it's alive, KILL IT! Always use otoscope for visualization Micro alligator forceps, wire loops, ear irrigation Know when to refer |
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Eustachian Tube Dysfunction
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Failure of functional valve of the ET to open or close properly due to a blockage/infection
Most common cause: Viral URI Physical: retraction of tympanic membrane, concave, decreased mobility of ear drum |
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Barotrauma
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Injury of certain organs, especially the ear, due to change in the atmospheric pressure
Most common cause: flying Pressure/pain caused by TM stretching |
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Acute Otitis Media
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The presence of fluid in the middle ear accompanied by acute signs of illness and signs/symptoms of middle ear inflammation --> fever, red TM, opacified TM
Bacterial or Viral BULGING TM IS THE HALLMARK OF AOM |
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Chronic Otitis Media
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Consequence of recurrent acute otitis media
Most common Symptom: purulent aural discharge |
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Mastoiditis
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Infection of the mastoid bone of the skull
May deteriorate the honey-comb like structure Presents similarly to AOM Treat with antibiotics |
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Serous Otitis Media
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Middle ear infection WITHOUT sign/symp of infections
AKA Otitis Media with Effusion Gold Standard: pneumatic otoscopy Immobility of TM with positive pressure in the absence of acute signs of inflammation |
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Labrynthitis
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Infection affecting the inner ear
Hard to diagnose because you can't see the inner ear May be triggered by URI, usually viral (adeno/rhino) |
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Meniere's Disease
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Inner ear disorder that affects balance and hearing
Unilateral Failure of endo-lymphatic system causes build up of fluid in cochlea associated with hair cell damage Trauma, syphilis, idiopathic |
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Presbyacusis
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Hearing loss due to old age
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Tinnitus
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Ringing of the ear
Can accompany many different illnesses |
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Vertigo
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A senstation of whirling, room spinning, and loss of balance
May be a symptom of a greater underlying problem Treat with otolith/canalith repositioning |
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Aphthous Stomatitis
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Canker Sores
Painful, sharply circumscribed necrotic ulcer with a gray exudates and a erythematous border Found on soft areas of the mouth |
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Oral Herpes Simplex
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Herpes Simplex Type 1: fever blister, cold sore
Herpetic gingivostamtitis is the most common clinical manifestation in childhood Hard areas of the the mouth |
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Oral Candidiasis
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"Thrush"
Caused by IMBALANCE of candida albicans (fungus) Creamy white plaques and beefy red tongue Infants, toddlers, those with dentures |
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Leukoplakia
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Precancerous lesions that present as white patches or plaques of the oral mucosa
*smoking* Usually on moveable areas Biopsy necessary |
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Erythroplakia
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Raised, red area that bleeds if scraped
For 7/10 it is a sign of oral cancer *smoking* Biopsy necessary |
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Sialadenitis
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Bacterial or viral infection of the salivary gland
Glandular hyposecretion and stones often present Parotid gland most frequently involved when no stones are present |
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Sialolithiasis
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Presence of stones or calculi in the salivary glands or ducts
Submandibular gland most frequently involved (wharton's duct) Stagnation of saliva rich in calcium |
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Parotitis
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Inflammation of one or both parotid glands
Usually viral Mumps Parotid tenderness/earache |
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Dental Abcess
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Apical peridontitis- severely inflammed pulp that has necrosed.
Apical abcess- localized, purulent form or the apical peri- Cellulitis- infection spreads into surrounding tissues Pain managment/ antibiotics/ I&D |
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Viral Pharyngitis
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Inflammation due to Rhinovirus, E-Barr, Adenovirus
Symp: Fever, sore throat, headache, COUGH, tonsillar exudate |
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Bacterial Pharyngitis (GAS)
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Inflammation due to Group A beta-hemolytic strep (GAS)
Symp: fever, sore throat, headache, NO COUGH, tonsillar exudate, SCARLIATINOFOR RASH (sometimes) Rapid ANTIGEN detection test or Culture is the Gold Standard |
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Peritonsillar Abcess
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Bacterial infection above and beyond the tonsil
Aerobic: strep pyrogens, staph aureus Anaerobic: Fusobacterium Usually a one sided sore throat with NO exudiates |
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Mononucleosis
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Epstein Barr Virus
Hallmark: sore throat, fever, fatigue, adenopothy Test: Monospot (ANTIBODY test) |
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Viral Laryngitis
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Inflammation of the vocal fold mucosa
Usually with fever and localized pain Usually due to URI from rhinovirus, influenza, adenovirus Acid reflux is a common irritant |
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Croup
Laryngotracheobronchitis |
Infection/Inflammation/Narrowing of the subglottis region of the trachea
Most common: Parainfluenza virus (RNA virus) AP xray shows STEEPLE SIGN |
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Epiglottitis
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Bacterial infectioninflammation of the epiglottis and tissues surrounding
Most Common: Haemophelius Influenza B Symp: Cherry red epiglottis, Drooling, Stridor cough, Dog sitting position/tripod position Emergency! |
