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71 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
short time scales
microevolution - reproductive season (on time scale of years)
intermediate time scales
species formation
100,000 - 1 million years
long time scales
major evolutionary trends and mass extinctions
10s of millions of years
when was the animal kingdom generated?
600 million years ago in the Cambrian period
metazoa
multicellular animals with differentiated tissues (all eukarya but protozoans and sponges)
What defines an aminal?
(1) multicellular (lack cell wall)
(2) heterotrophic
(3) extracellular matrix (presence of collagen and proteoglycan)
(4) shared Hox gene clusters
(5) Unique types of cell junctions (anchoring, tight, gap)
(6) characteristic rRNA sequences
(7) movement and sensory response
homeotic
one body part is replaced by another, caused by mutant alleles
Spiral Cleavage
planes oblique to axis of embryo
-determinate cleavage
-Proteostomes (mouth forms from blastopore, anus forms later)
(mollusks, annelids, arthropods, nematodes, platyhelminthes)
Radial Cleavage
planes are parallel or perpendicular to vertical axis of embryo
-indeterminate cleavage
-Deuterostomes (blastopore becomes anus, mouth forms later)
(echinoderms, chordates)
endoderm becomes...
digestive system, gut lining, digestive glands
mesoderm becomes ...
muslces, skeleton, most organs, circulatory and excretory systems
ectoderm becomes...
epidermis, nervous system
Acoelomate (definition and examples)
no body cavity
-platyhelminthes
Pseudocoelomate (definition and examples)
body cavity enclosed by mesoderm, not internal organs (can act as nutrient transporter or hydrostatic skeleton)
-nematoda
Coelomate (definition and examples)
true body cavity - cavity and gut covered with mesoderm
-annelids, chordata, mollusca, arthropods, echinoderms
Lophotrochozoans
grouping in protostomia - grow by adding to skeleton elements internally (platyhelminthes, mollusca, annelida)
Ecdysozoans
grouping in protostomia - grow by molting
Sclerocytes
cells that produce spicules in porifera
choanocytes
flagellated collar cells - create water current and trap food in porifera
pinacocytes
cells that cover the exterior and some interior surfaces of porifera
archaeocytes
phagocytic amoeboid cells in porifera - can differentiate into other cell types
porocytes
tubular cells in porifera through which water flows
Asconoid
level of sponge complexity - simplest
(small, tube shaped, single osculum)
Synconoid
level of sponge complexity - intermediate
(tube shaped, single osculum, thicker body walls, choanocytes in radial canals)
Leukonoid
level of sponge complexity - complex
(large, multiple oscula, flagellated chambers)
do sponges have embryonic cell layers?
no
In Cnidaria and Cnetophora, ectoderm and endoderm give rise to what, respectively?
epidermis and gastrodermis
Cnitocytes
stinging cells with nematocysts (coiled filament) and cnidocil (physical trigger)
pedal disc
anemones attach to substrate via pedal disc
siphonoglyph
creates water current into and out of pharynx in anemones
Hexacoralian Corals
stony corals
-subdivided by septa arranged in multiples of 6
-Hermatypic corals = reef building corals
Octocorallian Corals
soft corals, tube anemones, thorny corals
-gastrovascular cavity divided by 8 septa
the first complete gut is demonstrated in which phyla?
Cnetophora (comb jellies)
how do Cnetophora move?
(comb jellies) have 8 rows of cilia for movement
Colloblasts
cells on the ends of the two tentacles in cnetophora that secrete sticky substance to catch prey
trochophore larvae
distinct free-living cilia bearing larval stage of platyhelminthes and mollusca
-(have ciliary ring)
flame cells
excretory cells in platyhelminthes with beating cilia
Parenchyma
(mesoderm tissue) tissue between body wall and organs of invertebrates that lack a coelom (like in platyhelminthes)
slime track is created by -
free living flatworms (turbellaria) to catch prey
scolex
anterior end of a tapeworm (cestoda) bearing suckers and hooks for attachment
radula are present in -
mollusca, but not in bivlaves
which platyhelminthes has only a difinitive host (no intermediate host)?
monogenea (fish flukes)
mantle
two folds of skin that extend over the visceral mass in mollusca
the mantle secretes three shell layers:
(1) periostracum - outer layer (protein)
(2) prismatic layer - middle layer (protein + CaCO3)
(3) nacreous layer - inner layer (CaCO3)
In mollusca, the trochphore larvae develop into either -
(1) Veliger Larva (gastropods and bivalves) - free swimming larval stage

(2) Direct Development (cephalopods, some bivalves, aquatic snails) juveniles hatch directly from eggs
dextral

sinistral
-shell coils to the right

-shell coils to the left
Prosbranchs
(abalone, some freshwater and terrestrial snails)
-Mollusca that have 1 pair of tentacles
Opisthobranchs
major group of gastropods (nudibranchs, sea slugs)
-Mollusca that have 2 pairs of tentacles
Pulmonates
major group of gastropods (land and most freshwater snails and slugs)
-show some detorsion
-aquatic species have 1 pair of tentacles
-land species have 2 pairs of tentacles
chromatophores
cells in the skin of cephalopoda (squids, octopuses) that contain pigment granules
parapodia
paired, unjointed appendages - used for respiration and locomotion in annelids (setae not in leeches)
nephridia
a tubule in annelids that acts as an organ of excretion or osmoregulation
general body plan of annelids
(1) prostomium (head)
(2) segmented body
(3) pygidium (bearing the anus)
Cuticle in nematoda is composed primarily of -
crisscrossing fibers of collagen
the exoskeleton of arthropods is composed of -
chitin, protein, lipid, CaCO3
malpigian tubules
absorb nitrogenous wastes in arthropoda
spiracles
pores on terrestrial arthropods that lead to the tracheal system
Ommatidia
the individual visual units in the compound eye of arthropods
chelicerae
fangs of Arachnida
pedipalps
sensory, predatory, or reproductive function in araneae
-modified into claws in scorpoinida
Complete Metamorphosis
4 stages - egg, larva, pupa, adult

(85% of insects)
Incomplete Metamorphosis
3 stages - egg, nymph, adult

(15% of insects)
what is the defining feature of Echinodermata?
the water vascular system
papulae
dermal branchiae of echinodermata - extend out of spaces between ossicles for respiration
What are the four diagnostic characteristics of the Chordata?
(1) dorsal tubular nerve cord
(2) notocord
(3) pharyngeal pouches and gill slits
(4) post anal tail
What are the 3 main characteristics of Vertebrata?
(1) vetebral column
(2) endoskeleton
(3) true liver
Cephalaspidomorphi (lamprey) have how many pairs of gill slits?
seven
Myxini (hagfish) have how many pairs of gill slits?
five to fifteen
Chondichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) have how may pairs of gill slits?
five to seven
Actinopterygii (ray finned fishes) have how many pairs of gill slits?
one
In which class is the swim bladder filled with oil?
actinistia (lobe finned fishes)