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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ddx for dyspnoea?
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URT dz
Egg binding Coelomic fluid Lead poisoning Goitre Organomegaly CV dz |
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Main bacteria in URT dz
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Aeromonas
Mycoplasma Pseudomonas Aspergillus Chlamydophila + low vit A |
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C/S URT dz
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Swelling and pain of infraorbital sinus
Inflammation of conjunctiva and periorbital area Serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge (can be inspissated) |
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Tx of URT dz
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Sinus flush
Nebulisation Sx debridement |
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What do rhinoliths dvp from
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Sinusitis or rhinitis with predisposing factors
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Predisposing factors of rhinoliths?
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Low vit A and tobacco smoke
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What do large rhinoliths do
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Destroy ST and lead to bone lysis and change to the sinus pathways
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What is an extra thing besides bacterial infection that can lead to rhinoliths in budgies?
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Knemidocoptes mite infection
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Tx of rhinoliths
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Mass removal
Culture Flush with AB in saline |
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Complications of rhinolith removal?
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Bleeding
Recurrence |
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What is mycotic tracheitis?
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Inflam that causes syringeal obstruction
Acute granuloma formation occurs over 12 days |
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What is the pathognomonic sign of mycotic tracheitis?
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Change in voice
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Tx of mycotic tracheitis
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Air sac tube
URT/LRT endoscope Remove granulomas OR break-up with hope that they will pass through the bronchi and into caudal air sac |
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What airway parasite do passerines and raptors get?
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Tapeworm syngamus trachea
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What is the name of the air sac mite that canaries and finches yet?
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Sternostoma tracheacolum
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Tx for airway parasites?
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PO, SC or spot-on ivermectin
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What causes pneumonia?
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Toxins
Allergins Inflam/infection |
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Scope signs of pneumonia?
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Congestion
Fibrosis Abscesses Pigmentation |
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What are the most common infections causing air sacculitis?
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Chlamydophila
Aspergillus Mycoplasma + inhaled irritants |
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How does air sacculitis present?
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Resp distress
OR Subclinical Has assn with URT dz and pneumonia |
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What is the main aspergillus isolate?
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Aspergillus fumigatus
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What airway dz does aspergillus cause
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Any of them
URT Pneumonia Air sacculitis |
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Where is aspergillus found?
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Ubiquitous in enviro and resp tract of healthy birds
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How is aspergillus spread?
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NOT contagious
Inhalation of environmental spores (damp straw litter, dust, mouldy feed, poor ventilation) |
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Who does aspergillus like to target?
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Immunosuppressed birds (poor nutrition, AB, age, export)
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C/S of aspergillus?
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Depends on where plaques are - URT vs LRT
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What should aspergillus cytology slides with stained with?
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Lactophenol blue to reveal septal hyphae
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Diag of aspergillus?
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Cytology
Histopath Scope Bloods Rads |
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Bloods for aspergillus?
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Heterophilic leukocytosis
Lymphopaenia Heterophile toxic change Non-regenerative anaemia Hyperglobulinaemia Hypoalbuminaemia |
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Rad signs of air sacculitis?
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Thick air sac walls
Hyperinflation |
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Tx of aspergillus?
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Amphotericin B directly applied with scope or injected into a sinus (rarely given IV because of nephrotox and irritancy)
Itraconazole PO but takes a long time to kick in so need adjuvant therapy Terbinafine instead of itraconazole in GREY PARROTS F:10 nebulised at 1:250 for 4-12 weeks (rest of life?) |
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Who does chlamydophila psittaci affect?
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Parrots
Zoonotic to mammals and humans |
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How is psittacosis spread
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Faecal
Nasal Ocular |
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Describe C. psittaci lifecycle
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Obligate intracellular parasite
Biphasic dvp cycle - infective stage is the elementary body which are shed and then the reticulate body which reproduces by binary fission with hosts cells |
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Diagnosis of C. psittaci
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Faecal PCR gold standard but need poooled 3-5 samples bc intermittently shed
Rads show h-megaly and air sacculitis PM impression smears with MACHIAVELOS stain shows inclusion bodies |
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C/S psittacosis
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Conjunctivitis
Nasal discharge Ocular swelling Sneezing Depression Weight loss Bright green diarrhoea CNS issues sudden death |
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Who is a psittacosis asymptomatic carrier?
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Cockatiels
Pigeons Budgies |
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Tx of psittacosis
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6 weeks doxy (once weekly PO or injection)
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When do you follow-up test for psittacosis?
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2 weeks post PO meds
3 weeks post IV meds |
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Human signs of psittacosis?
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Neck pain
Headache Fever Resp infection Fatal heart dz |
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Main presenting signs of skin dz?
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Feather plucking
Self trauma |
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What is psittacine beak and feather dz?
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Viral infection of parrots caused by a DNA circovirus and has two strains - PBFD 1 is in all spp and PBFD 2 is in lorikeets
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How is PBFD spread?
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Feather dander
Faeces Inhalation Ingestion Vertical |
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What cells does PBFD attack?
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Rapidly dividing ones:
Epis GIT Immune system |
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How many forms of PBFD C/S seen?
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3 - chronic, acute and peracute
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Principles of O2 therapy
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Should be at least 40% O2 at rates of 200-300 mL/hour for a small cage; some tolerate a face mask. - can use own patients xporter
Feed it thru a water chamber for humidity (prevents drying out of mm) Can nebulise small birds |
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Is birds are compromised what is the RR?
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6 L/min
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Ddx for nares discharge?
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Sinusitis
Air sacculitis |
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Chronic PBFD
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Lesions dvp bt 6 mo and 3 yrs with rapid-growing feathers first (powder down); grow abnormally w/ haem pulp cavities and fractured shafts
Beak shiny due to lack of powder down and may be overgrown |
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Acute PBFD?
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Young birds during 1st feather formation; charac by depression +/- diarrhoea and dystrophic feathers
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Peracute PBFD
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Seen in cockatoos and african grey NESTLINGS (by 16 weeks) - get severe leukopaenia, regurg and death even before feather lesions dvp
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How are PBFD 1 and 2 different?
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Strain 2, the lorikeet one, is not pathogenic
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Diagnosing PBFD?
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PCR from pulpy feathers (use keel) or blood (is present in the leukocytes)
Can do bone marrow biopsy PM - bursa of fabricus |
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Tx of PBFD
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Supportive care, esp for 2ary pathogens
COntrol with quarantine |
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What is polyoma virus
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DNA papovavirus that affects all psittacines and passerines (usu budgies)
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Spread of polyoma virus?
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Faeces
Feather dust Vertical xmission |
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C/S BUDGIES polyoma virus
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Neonatal death
If survive over 15 days then lose tail and flights feathers which resolves over months |
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C/S OTHER PSITTACINE polyoma virus
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Sudden death
WEight loss Diarrhoea Regurg SC haem Dyspnoea PU Can have a chronic form Passerines usu just acute death |
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Diag polyoma virus?
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PCR (not finches)
PM signs (hep necrosis, bursal lymphoid depletion, inclusion bodies in feather follicles) Vaccine in the USA |
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What is pox virus
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DNA virus with 10 spp that affects raptors and pigeons commonly
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Spread of pox virus
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Mosquitoes
DC Inhalation Ingestion Wounds |
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3 forms of pox virus
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Wet
Dry Septicaemic |
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Wet pox
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Diphtheritic
Lesions on mm of oropharynx affecting eating and breathing |
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Dry pox
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Cutaneous
Nodular lesions around eyes, beak and feet with scabs falling off after 4 weeks |
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Septicaemic pox
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Canaries and sparrows
Fatal pneumonia +/- enteritis |
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Diag of pox
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Biopsy
Cytology (eos inclusion bodies in epi cells) |
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What do you have to ddx dry pox from
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Ectoparasites, which actually might have a link to the dz entry anyway
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What do you have to ddx wet pox from
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Low vit A
Trichomonas Aspergillus |
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Tx of pox
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Supp care
AB Nutrition Ocular lube DONT remove scabs Can import a vaccine |
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Ddx poor quality feathers
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Poor nutrition
Poor husbandry Viral - PBFD, polyoma Hypothyroidism Bacterial/fungal folliculitis Liver dz Air sacculitis Ectos Boredom/neurosis Repro dz Coelomic mass |
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PROTOCOL feather plucking
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Bloods-rads-endoscope
Feather microscopy, culture PCR All neg? Behavioural Remove traumatised feathers under GA (regrowth in 8 weeks) Eliz collar las resort Behavioural modifiers |
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Advice to o about feather plucking?
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Increase nutritional plane to encourage feather growth
Exercise Branches to gnaw (boredom) Increased attn Hiding space Baths 12:12 light schedule UV-B light |
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Behavioural modifiers for feather plucking
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Anxiolytics - busipirone
Antidepressants - amitriptyline Dopamine antagonists - haloperidol |
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How does repro frustration manifest re feathers?
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Plucking at vent, legs and rump
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Main skin parasite of budgies?
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Cnemidocoptes pilae
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What does Cnemidocoptes pilae cause and tx
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Hyperkeratosis
Crusting and scaling on cere, beack and feet "scaly face" Ivermectin or fipronil |
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What is macrorhabdus ornithogaster
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megabacteria (gastric yeast) that resembles g (+) rods seen in canaries, lovebirds and budgies
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What does macrorhabdus ornithogaster cause
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Proventricular/ventricular dz with C/S of wasting, lethargy and passing undigested food
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Diag of macrorahbdus
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Dilated provent on rads (hour glass constriction between provent and vent)
PM shows provent ulceration, dilation, thick provent wall and mucus |
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What is proventricular dilatation dz (PDD)
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Bornavirus affecting psittacines, finches and pigeons w/ C/S of regurg, weight loss, altered GIT motility, whole seeds in faeces, head-shaking and CNS issues. 2ary infections common
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PDD xmission and progression
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Unknown xmission
Patho assd with lymphoplasmacytic ganglioneuritis and encephalopathy; dz course is a few weeks |
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Diag and tx of PDD
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Rads - provent and intestinal enlargement
Biopsy and histopath Tx not curative but palliative (antiemetics, celecoxib to reduce nerve inflam) |
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Who gets lead poisoning
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Waterfowl and raptors
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C/S lead poisoning
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Depression, V + D, polyphagia, polyuria, death
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Diag and tx lead poisoning
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C/S, rads and blood
Supp care, diazepam, chelation therapy (injectable CaEDTA or oral penicillamine) for CaEDTA protocol is 5 days on 5 days off |
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Who gets excessive egg laying and what is it due to
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Cockatiels
Excessive stimulation of breeding behaviour by the presence of another bird or inanimate object (or person!) |
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Tx of excessive egg laying
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Dont remove eggs, let them brood. Remove nest boxes and items that may sitmulate laying. Reduce light to 8 hours and reduce caloric intake
Deslorelin to inhibit ovulation - if all unsuccesful do a salphinohysterectomy |
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What causes egg binding
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Ca/Vit D3 deficiencies
Oversized or misshapen eggs Uterine intertia due to excessive laying Metritis Obesity |
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C/S egg binding
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Depression
Tail bobbing Dyspnoea Wide stance Swollen coelom |
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Tx egg binding
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Heat and humidity to start with 10% ca borogluconate +/- O2.
If not passed in a few houurs remove by physical manip - lube in cloaca and manip while applying gentle abd pressure. If fails, ovocentesis w a large bore needle via cloaca or thru coelomic wall under GA to collapse egg |
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What is egg yolk peritonitis due to
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Ectopic ovulation usualy, but sometimes seen with salphingitis, metritis, neoplasia or ruptured oviduct
Can be sterile or septic |
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Tx of egg yolk peritonitis
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Some like med tx but most need removal of yolk material and lavage
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C/S yolk peritonitis
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Coelomic enlargement
Dyspnoea Tail bobbing Depression |
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Who gets fatty liver dz
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Captive parrots
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Most common vit issue in birds?
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Hypovit A
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What is hypovit A
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Parrots on a seed diet get it; presents as squamous metaplasia of epithelial membranes leading to poor feathering, colouration, reproduction and chronic resp issues
LT sign is renal dz See blunted choanal slit |
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What is hypovit D
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Leads to poor reproduction and egg shell quality as well as juvenile osteodystrophy and hypoCa (grey parrots have an increased incidence
Responds to vit d injections and short term Ca supp; prevent with a formulated diet and increased UV-B radiation |
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How much blood can you take?
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1% (5 mL in african grey)
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Induction in birds?
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Ketamine and medetomidine IM pectoral m; 5-10 minutes induction time
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HR in budgies, african grey and birds of prey
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700
400 60 |
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Bird fluids
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Assume 10% dehydrated
Maintenance 50 mL/kg/day Day 1 give 50% deficit + maintenance Day 2+3 25% deficit and main Day 4 main Split into 5 mL amounts and so several times daily |
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How much can be crop tubed?
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1-2 Ml smalls up to 20 mL in larger breeds (5% bw)
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