Educational Psychology Motivation

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Behavioral Theory

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The theory or belief that learning results from rewards and punishments.

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Cognitive Theory

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Stresses what goes on inside of the head and is therefore more of an intrinsic motivation or theory.

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Social Learning Theory

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Combines behavioral and cognitive approaches and believes that motivation results from what goes on inside a person's head and external environment.

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Humanistic Theory

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Believe motivation results from more than just external rewards and internal conceptualizations of one's ability. Emphasizes a higher order of incentive to achieve.

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What are the four theory's described in book?

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Behavioral, Cognitive, Social Learning, Humanistic

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Four main reasons why goals are so effective?

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1. Goals help focus attention.
2. Goals help mobilize resources.
3. Goals facilitate persistence.
4. Goals facilitate accomplishment.

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Expectancy X Value Theory

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This is what goes on inside a person’s head. It is a combination of internal thoughts; extrinsic and intrinsic motivational factors, and how the environment is perceived. According to this theory, people work hard and are motivated when they believe they have a reasonable chance of succeeding, and when the goal is personally meaningful to them.

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Spence and Helmreich’s (1983) three facets of people’s intrinsic motivation

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The first facet of people’s intrinsic motivation is the quest for mastery. Those that are orientated towards mastery tend to achieve more than those who are not. The second facet is their drive to work. Those who tend to work harder leads to more achievement than those who are not hard working. The third facet is competitiveness. Those that are more competitive not necessarily achieve more.

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Motivations effects on student behavior.

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*Motivation directs behavior toward goals.
*Motivation leads to increased effort and energy.
*Motivation increases initiation of and persistence in activities
*Motivation affects cognitive process
*Motivation determines which consequences are reinforcing and punishing
*Motivation often enhances performance.

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Maslow's Hierarchy

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five basic kinds of needs:
1). Self Actualization- desire to learn
2).Self and social esteem
3).Love, Affection, Belonging
4). Physical Safety
5). Psychological Needs :Food air, etc.

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Handicapping disposal strategies students use

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1. Reducing effort
2. setting unattainable high goals
3. Taking on too much
4. Procrastinating
5. Cheating

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State Anxiety

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State anxiety is temporary. Like when you get anxious just before a big performance or before a test.

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Trait Anxiety

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is a pattern of anxiety even in normal situations. Often interferes with performance.
Small amounts of anxiety can actually improve performance. This is called facilitating anxiety. It makes them go to class, read the textbook, do assignments, and study. It makes them careful and thoughtful with everything they do. In contrast, a great deal of anxiety usually interferes with performance. This is known as debilitating anxiety. It distracts learners and interferes with their attention to the task at hand.

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How does anxiety affect a student's learning?

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-Paying attention to what needs to be learned
-Processing information effectively
-Retrieving information and demonstrating skills that have previously been learned

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List at least three of the five factors that affect a student’s expectancy level.

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a. The difficulty of a task
b. Availability of resources and assistance
c. Quality of instruction
d. Amount of instruction

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Describe 5 methods for promoting intrinsic motivation in your classroom.

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-Model your own interest in the subject
-Communicate your belief that students want to learn
-Relate classroom material to student’s personal lives and interests
-Encourage self comparison, rather than comparison to other students
-Define success as eventual, rather than immediate, mastery of class material and acknowledge that occasional mistakes are to be expected.

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Proximal goal

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short term concrete goals

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Process goal

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perfecting the form or procedure that a skill involves without regard for the final outcome

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Product goal

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striving for a certain standard of performance-for example-solving a certain number of math problems correct or making a certain number of baskets in a game of basketball.

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Work-avoidance goal

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avoiding classroom tasks completely or trying to put as little effort as possible into those tasks

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Career goal

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these are goals that a student will set with little thought and career goals may change frequently. They are often based on gender stereotypes. Some career goals include: firefighting, pro athlete, teacher, doctor, etc…

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self-fulfilling prophecy

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Situation in which expectations for an outcome either directly or indirectly lead to the expected result. “What teachers expect students to achieve becomes what students actually do achieve.

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Extrinsic Motivation

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being motivated by factors external to oneself and unrelated to the task.

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Intrinsic Motivation

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being motivated by factors within the task.

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Four contemporary theoretical perspectives of motivation.

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Trait theory, Behaviorist Theory, Social Cognitive Theory, Cognitive Theory

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Trait Theory

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relatively enduring characteristics and personality traits play a significant role in motivation.

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Behaviorist Theory

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Motivation is often the result of drives...learners tend to behave in ways that lead to positive or negative reinforcement,

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Social Cognitive theory

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initially learners are motivated by consequences that follow their own behaviors or behaviors of others. Over time motivation becomes intrinsic.

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Cognitive Theory

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variety of cognitive factors, sometimes in combination with emotional factors, affect learner's perceptions of themselves, topics, and world at large

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Hot cognitition

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learning or processing that is emotionally charged. Ex: Students feel sad after reading about people in poor countries