Educational Psychology

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Behavioral Learning Theory

Back 1

:O

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John Watson

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-Father of American Behavioral Psychology
-Gave the APA Presidential Address
-Empathized the environment theory

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B.F. Skinner

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-one of the most prominent psychologists on earth
-Involved in operant conditioning

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Learning

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A relatively durable or permanent change in behavior that is the result of change

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1. Classical Conditioning
2. Operant Conditioning

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Two types of learning/conditioning

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Ivan Pavlov

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A classical conditioner

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B.F. Skinner

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An operant conditioner

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Classical Conditioning

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-reflexes
antecedent events
-based on the individual learning that two things go together (stimuli)

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Ivan Pavlov

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Russian physiologist who was interested in studying the digestive system in dogs

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True

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True or False. Classical conditioning was discovered by accident.

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-Conditional stimuli
-Unconditional stimuli
-Conditional response
-Unconditional response

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Classical Conditioning terms

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Food---> Salivation
Tone---> nothing

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Pavlov's Dog reaction before training/conditioning

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Tone-Food----> Salivation

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Training model of Pavlov's Dog

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Tone- Food-----> Salivation
|
-------------------> Salivation

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After Training Model of Pavlov's Dog

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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

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a stimulus that automatically elicits a response without any prior conditioning or learning

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Unconditioned response (UCR)

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That response that occurs automatically to the UCS. It is an unlearned reaction/response to an UCS without previous controlling

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Conditioned Stimulus

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A previously neutral stimulus that though pairing with the UCS, also eventually elicits a response

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Conditioned Response (CR)

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That response that occurs to the Conditioned Stimulus (CS). It is a learned reaction/ response to the CS.

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CS-UCS------> UCR
|
---------------> CR

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Pavlov's Work in Classical Conditioning terms

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White Rat - Loud Noise--------> Fear/Anxiety
CS - UCS --------> UCR
|
--------------------------------> CR
Fear/Anxiety

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Watson & Rayner Little Albert Study (1920)

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Was in the hospital @ 11 months of age. His mom agreed to use him in studies. In the study, he wanted to touch a white rat, but every time he did, a hammer would be hit. he cried as a reflex and feared all white, furry things.

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Little Albert

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Stimulus generalization

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Why did Albert cry every time he saw something white and furry?

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Stimulus generalization

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Process whereby other stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimuli also elicit a conditioned response

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Fight or Flight reaction

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Body's reaction- preparing you to either fight or flee

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Systematic desensitization

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-behavior therapy procedure geared for dealing with phobias and anxiety
-approximately 70%-90% effective
- 2-6 months

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Operant Conditioning

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based on the idea that a behavior can be controlled by consequences

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Consequent events & Voluntary behaviors (not reflexes)

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What does operant conditioning focus on?

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-Positive Reinforcement
-Negative Reinforcement
-Presentation Punishment
-Removal Punishment
-Extinction

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Operant Conditioning Terminology

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Positive Reinforcement

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Behavior is increased and stimuli is added

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Negative Reinforcement

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Behavior is increased, but stimuli is removed

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Presentation Punishment

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Decreased frequency of behavior, but something is added

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Removal Punishment

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Decreased frequency and removal so something following a behavior

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Extinction

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Reinforcement no longer follows a behavior

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Extinction burst

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Frequency of behavior and time on graph- the burst is the high point before dying out

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-material/tangible
-social
-token
-activity
-Premack's Principle

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Types of Reinforcers

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-Punishment is the main way of trying to manage behavior
- Inconsistent between individuals and within a single individual
-Techniques have not been tried long enough
-Consequences may not be important enough
-The behavior may get worse before it gets better

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I've tried everything and nothing works!

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Schedules of Reinforcement

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Determine which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer

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Different Schedules have different effects on behavior

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Reason schedules are important

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-Fixed Ratio
-FR 1 (Continuous)
-Variable Ratio
-Fixed Interval
-Variable Interval

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Schedules of Reinforcement

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Continuous reinforcement

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FR1

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Fixed Ratio

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reinforcer is given after a fixed number of responses

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Variable Ratio

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reinforcer is given after a variable number of responses

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Fixed Interval

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Reinforcer is given for the first particular response after a fixed amount of time as elapsed

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Variable Interval

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Reinforcer is given for the first particular response after a variable amount of time has elapsed

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Dependent Group Contingency

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The reward for the whole group is dependent on an individual or small group

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Interdependent Group Contingency

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All members of a group must meet the criterion of the contingency before any members earn the reward

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Independent Group Contingency

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Individuals within the group are reinforced for individual achievement towards a goal

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-Naughty Finger Study & Good Behavior Game

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Examples of Interdependent Group Contingency