Education

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Prior Knowledge

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Knowledge about teaching that you already have efore you enter your formal preparation, which affects how you think about teaching and what you learn about teaching as a profession.

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Apprenticeship of observation

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The knowledge you have about teaching from the 12 years you spent in a classroom as a student — a term coined in 1975 by the scientist Dan Lortie.

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Concept Map

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A visual tool teachers can use to show an individual's ideas about a particular concept and how they relate to one another; concept maps can be used as a starting point for teaching new knowledge about that concept.

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National Education Association

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The largest teachers' organization in the US, with approximately 3.2 million members.

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Teacher expectations

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The expectations teachers set for what their sutdents are capable of doing and achieving in the classroom. Teachers can treat students for whom they have set higher or lower expectations differently, often presenting lesser challenges for those whom they believe cannot achieve at high levels.

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No Child Left Behind Act of 2001

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Federal legislation applying to all schools that receive certain categories of federal funding, which increases accountability for the quality of teaching and learning through annual testing of students and which has sanctions for schools that do not perform adequately each year.

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Misconception

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Ideas you may have about teaching that are not accurate but that may represent strongly held beliefs about teaching and so may be difficult for you to discard or replace.

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Making the familiar strange

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Looking at the familiar procedures, events, and interactions in the classroom from a more objective viewpoint and treating them as something you do not fully understand. This is a way of helping you begin to analyze and ask questions about why things happen the way they do in classrooms.

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Classroom as a culture

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The customs, practices and traditions within a classroom that distinguish it from other organizations.

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Anecdotal recording

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Observing and recording the specific events that occur in a defined timeframe in the classroom, without making judgements or interpreting those events.

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Reciprocity

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Formal recognition that a teaching license that is valid in one state allows a teacher to be eligible to teach in another state.

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license portability

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The ease with which a valid teaching license from one state is recognized in another state.

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Professional School

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A unit of a college or university that prepares students for the professions, in contrast to the liberal arts and sciences, which prepare students in the academic disciplines, or subject matter.

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Foundations of Education

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The psychological, historical, philosophical and sociological aspects of the field of education that are considered essential to the professional knowledge of all teachers.

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Pedagogy

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The methods and activities teachers use to instruct their students

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Pedagogical content knowledge

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The ability to present academic content to students so they understand it well.

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Normal School

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The earliest schools that existed for the sole purpose of preparing teachers for their professional roles in the classroom.

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Professional knowledge base

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The body of professional knowledge teachers possess that distinguishes them from what laypersons know about how to carry out the professional responsibilities of teachers.

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Teaching portfolio

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A written or electronic compilation of documentation demonstrating that a teacher education student possesses the knowledge, skills, and dispositions to teach students well at the level of a beginning teacher.

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Professional Development school

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A public school that works in close partnership with a school, college, or department of education as a site for the simultaneous preparation of new teachers and improvement of teaching and learning for PK-12 students.

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Praxis tests

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A series of tests and assessments for teacher education students and beginning teachers developed by the Educational Testing Service; in many states, passing scores on the written tests are required to apply for a teaching license.

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National Council fro Accreditation of Teacher Education

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(NCATE) The largest voluntary accreditation agency for teacher education programs nationwide.

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Teacher Education Accreditation Council (TEAC)

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A group that accredits teacher education programs.

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Alternate route

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Programs that place teachers in classrooms with little formal teacher preparation prior to taking on a job. Teachers instead learn to teach on the job, often with the support of an experienced mentor.

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Induction

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The first three years of a teacher's career which are recognized as years requiring special support to help consolidate the beginner's skills.

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Mentor

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A highly skilled experienced teacher who has specific responsibility for supporting teachers during the induction phase of the career.

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Dame Schools

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Education that was delivered in the homes of women, usually consisting of the basics of reading and writing.

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Latin Grammar Schools

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Early schools that followed a classical curriculum consisting mainly of latin and latin texts with some Greek.

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English schools (academies)

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Schools that followed a practical curriculum rather than a classical curriculum focused solely on Latin and Latin readings.

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Common School Movement

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The movement to provide universal education and schools that would serve all children at public expense.

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Mentor

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A highly skilled, experienced teacher who has specific responsibility for supporting teachers during the induction phase of their career.

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Mentor

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A highly skilled, experienced teacher who has specific responsibility for supporting teachers during the induction phase of their career.

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Dame Schools

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Education that was delivered in the homes of women, usually consisting of the basics of reading and writing.

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Latin Grammar Schools

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Early schools that followed a classical curriculum consisting mainly of Latin and Latin texts with some Greek.

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English Schools (academies)

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Schools that followed a practical curriculum rather than a classical curriculum focused solely on Latin and Latin readings.

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Common School Movement

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The movement to provide universal education and schools that would serve all children at public expense.

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Efficiency Movement

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Schooling that was designed to prepare students for life in the world of work, with an emphasis on conformity, following directions, rote learning and memorization and strict rules of comportment.

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English-only rule

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Rule barring Mexican American children from speaking Spanish in public schools.

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Eight-year study

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A study in the period of the 1930s that compared the progressive approach to education with the traditional approach, and found that the progressive approach produced more intellectual curiosity and drive and higher levels of critical thinking and judgement.

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Essentialism

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A philosophy of education based on the assumption that students should learn the basic facts regarding the social and physical world.

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Progressivism

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A philosophy of education developed by John Dewey based on the assumptions that all learning is active, that learning is intellectual, social and emotional, and that curriculum should begin with the child's interests and experiences.

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Perennialism

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A philosophical orientation based on the assumption that all learning should be focused on unchanging principles or great ideas.

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Social Reconstructionism

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A philosophy of education based on the belief that schools should aim to foster active participants in society through a study of social problems and an aim to create a more just society.

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Ethic of Care

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A philosophy of education based on the commitment to caring

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Explicit Curriculum

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The formal, official, public academic program of study that defines what students are expected to know as a result of being in school.

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Academic content standards

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Formal, public statements of what students should know and be able to do in each of the content areas at various points in their PK-12 education

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Curriculum Guide

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A document prepared at the state or local district level that provides detailed information to help teachers plan instruction.

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Taught Curriculum

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The curriculum that is delivered by teachers once they make decisions about how to teach the explicit curriculum.

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Learned Curriculum

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What students actually learn in relationship to the goals of the explicit curriculum — which is not always the same as those goals.

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Accountability

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Ensuring that teachers are held responsible for their students' learning as the measure of a teacher's effectiveness.

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Null Curriculum

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Everything that is not included in the explicit curriculum and thus, is not expected to be learned during a student's education.

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Scope and sequence

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Charts that lay out the various topics within a subject that will be included, as well as what levels of that topic students will study at each grade level in a particular subject.

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Social Justice

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a curriculum orientation that organizes education around understanding the problems of society and working toward equity and justice in society.

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Project-based learning

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Studying a particular question, problem, or theme in depth over time that requires the use of several academic content areas.

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Magnet Schools

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Schools with a unifying theme designed to attract students because of the special opportunities associated with the curriculum designed around the theme, often developed following Brown decision to retain middle-class students in inner-city urban schools.

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Teacher-proof curriculum

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Highly prescriptive curriculum or instructional materials that can be implemented without independent thinking or decision making on the part of the teacher.

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Curriculum Potential

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Using textbooks and other instructional materials by interpreting their potential to meet the needs of a specific class of students.

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Hidden Curriculum

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The unstated outcomes of education that students experience and learn by spending time in schools. these outcomes may be intended or unintended positive or negative.

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Regularities of schooling

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A term coined by Seymour Sarason to describe the traditions and practices of schooling tjat are taken for granted and are not questions — even though schooling could be organized and carried out in other ways.

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Critical Theory

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Analysis of education that focues on understanding and changing structural inequities that systematically advantage certain groups of students over time.

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Resilience

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A characteristic of some children who are exposed to stressors from the social conditions of their lives but who appear to be invulnerable to the negative effects of those stressors.

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Child Abuse

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The federal definition is "any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm."

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Child Neglect

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Failing to provide for the basic needs of children, including physical, medical, educational or emotional needs and in many states, abandonment.

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Peer mediation

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Structured programs of problem solving in which students are trained to work with their peers to solve problems between students.

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Developmental guidance

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Classroom program or curriculum that addresses personal and social aspects of learning and that sometimes includes career awareness.

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Full-service schools

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Schools that include social and health services in the same building or complex reducing the need for families to go to several locations to receive services.