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55 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
All but which one of the following teachers is demonstrating an aspect of caring?
Ms. Anderson gives her students a lot of praise, trying to avoid criticism.
Which of the following is the earliest point at which children have the ability to be aware of differential treatment by teachers?
first grade
Which one of the following terms is NOT central to Vygotsky's approach to learning?
reinforcement
Who developed the idea of scaffolding into the concept of instructional scaffolding
Jerome Bruner
All but which one of the following terms describe a curriculum that is Eurocentric
pluralistic
The 1968 East Los Angeles Blowouts described in your text were concerned with which educational inequity?
Eurocentric curriculum
Whose books on “cultural literacy” may have set the stage for passage of the No Child Left Behind Act?
E. D. Hirsch
Of the strategies for dealing with off-task behavior suggested in your text, which does your textbook author feel is probably the most important of all
Know your own motives and know your students.
The “myth of the good teacher” refers to the belief that good teachers
can handle all their own discipline problems without outside help
Describe each of the eight types of multiple intelligences. For each type of intelligence, provide an example of how the skill would be exhibited or utilized.
Student response should describe each of the intelligences: linguistic (language), logical-mathematical (causal, quantitative), spatial (mental rotation and manipulation), bodily kinesthetic (physical), musical, interpersonal (effectiveness with others), intrapersonal (self-understanding), and naturalist (natural world). Answers to the second question will vary.
Regarding the process of learning, compare and contrast the views of Skinner, Piaget, and Vygotsky. Explain the teaching approach that derives from each perspective
Skinner believed that learning occurs when desired behavior and responses take place after the student has been reinforced. Teachers should identify desired knowledge and skills, introduce them in segments, and reinforce student displays of knowledge. Piaget suggested that students construct their own understanding of the world around them. Teachers should design instructional strategies that guide learners to the next level by accessing and utilizing students' backgrounds and prior knowledge. Vygotsky stated that learning is the result of an exchange between children and their cultures, where social interaction helps generate thinking and meaning. Teachers should guide children through their zone of proximal development using scaffolding.
Explain the difference between the zone of actual development and the zone of potential development. Describe how scaffolding is used to bridge these areas. List some scaffolding strategies, and describe some techniques for effective scaffolding.
The zone of actual development is the point where a student possesses enough knowledge to engage in problem solving on her or his own – in other words, the child's baseline knowledge. The zone of potential development is the place where the student can go, with the help of a knowledgeable peer or teacher. The space between these boundaries is called the zone of proximal development, and the teacher can use scaffolding to help the student cover this zone. In scaffolding, the teacher estimates the student's baseline and then collaboratively supports and models the skills beyond the learner's ability. The teacher encourages the student to do as much work as possible independently and gradually removes the scaffolding as the student masters skills and knowledge. Examples of scaffolding include 1) introduction of material in smaller, manageable segments; 2) think-alouds; 3) assignment of cooperative group activities; 4) use of discussion, questions, and role playing. To maximize scaffolding, the teacher can 1) boost confidence by introducing easier tasks first; 2) provide assistance to allow students to achieve success easily at first; 3) help students fit in; 4) gauge student motivation level and avoid overworking; 5) look for clues that the task is being mastered.
Regarding traditional approaches to student assessment, which of the following does NOT belong
performance assessment
The degree to which an assessment yields consistent results is called its
reliability
In the multiple-choice questions you are taking on this exam, this part of the question (that is, the statement itself, which is followed by five alternatives) is called the ______.
distractor
Using Jon Mueller's approach to authentic assessment, which term is most similar to standard?
outcome
Which political initiative began the push for national and state assessment standards in U.S. public education
President Lyndon Johnson's signing of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Of the following professional organizations, which was the first to develop a set of standards for its educational domain?
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
The ability to use prior knowledge to put together individual components to create a whole refers to which level of the intellectual domain in Bloom's taxonomy
synthesis
Country Day School uses the RICE method of student assessment. What is Country Day's focus in student assessment?
portfolios
Compared to an evaluation portfolio, an instructional portfolio
poses more storage problems.
For ESL students, about how long does it take to acquire academic English language proficiency?
about 5 to 7 years
Describe the five levels of the intellectual domain in Bloom's taxonomy.
Comprehension is the ability to interpret the meaning of language or symbols. Application is the ability to use a learned rule in new situations. Analysis is the ability to break apart the whole in order to understand individual components. Synthesis is the ability to use prior knowledge to put together individual components in order to create a whole. Evaluation is the ability to make a judgment about the value of something.
Discuss some ways in which the focus on standardized test outcomes has negatively affected teachers.
In some districts, teachers are monetarily rewarded for their students' achievement of particular test scores. This practice can be inequitable and can create competitive pressure among the staff. Many teachers report the phenomena of “teaching to the test” and “dumbing down.” Changes in testing dates have resulted in constant changes to curriculum, which are not in the best interest of students. Teachers themselves are required to pass more standardized tests and may be labeled “not highly qualified” when teaching outside their content area.
Which of the following statements best describes the process of education in the United States?
It is both acculturative and enculturative.
According to Nieto, students will be more successful when home and school cultures are
consistent with each other.
All but which one of the following terms describe modern American society and culture?
agrarian
Generalizing from information presented in the text, on which variable are Americans MOST likely to be divided in opinion?
religious beliefs
Which of the following is NOT a value widely applied in the typical American approach to effort and problem solving?
contemplation
Which researcher identified the concept of invisible white privilege?
Peggy McIntosh
According to your text, counterproductive attitudes among the disenfranchised in America are the result of all but which of the following?
enculturation
Compared to voluntary minorities, involuntary minorities are
more likely to be critical of the dominant culture
Of the following, which is the lowest level, or initial step, of developing cultural understanding?
developing tolerance
Regarding the development of cultural understanding, your text recommends all but which one of the following for educators?
elimination of critical discourse from the examination and understanding of culture
Explain the differences among enculturation, schooling, and acculturation.
Enculturation is the process of learning one's own culture, which may take place in informal settings (such as home) or institutional settings. In the latter case, enculturation is referred to as schooling. Acculturation is the process of learning about the dominant culture.
Describe “American” cultural values and lifestyle
Response may include expansion on any of the following: 1) urbanized, dominated by cities; 2) time regulated by clock and calendar, with necessities purchased rather than produced; 3) high standard of living and medical care; 4) conformity in many aspects (e.g., dress, hygiene, recreation), despite diversity in wealth, education, religion, etc.; 5) fairly narrow opinion range, possibly influenced by efficient educational system and widespread mass communication; 6) theoretical equal opportunities, constrained by ethnicity, gender, physical abilities, and level of wealth; 7) evolving family unit; 8) generally high level of education; 9) Christian, although not in a pervasively unifying way; 10) emphasis on material well-being; 11) focus on effort, achievement, and success.
Compared to English language learners in other types of programs, ELLs who participate in dual-language programs are more likely to
score higher on tests than monolingual peers and be bilingual, bicultural, and biliterate.
All but which one of the following languages were once under consideration as the official language of the United States?
Italian
The practice of insisting that new immigrants learn and speak English and "act American” even at the expense of losing native language and culture is called
linguistic and cultural assimilation.
Which politician was a U.S. Commissioner of Education who strongly believed that schools should “Americanize” English language learners?
William Torrey Harris
Your text tells the story of a Pennsylvania town that dismantled an award-winning bilingual program in favor of an English-only program. In addition, the city passed an ordinance that allowed merchants to place an extra charge on customers who spoke with an accent or whose English was poor. In which time period did this take place?
1990s
In the Prism Model, which “worlds” are taken into consideration in understanding how first and second languages are acquired?
linguistic, academic, cognitive, social, and cultural
Which of the following is an example of language acquisition?
understanding and using a foreign word in a conversation
English acquisition, as opposed to bilingualism, is the focus of all but which one of the following ELL programs?
early-exit
Other factors being equal, which student participating in an ELL programs is LEAST likely to learn English successfully?
Trien, who is in a pullout ESL program
Other factors being equal, which of the following school systems is MOST likely to have ELLs who are academically successful?
Evantown School District, which utilizes a dual language program
Describe the most widely used ELL program in the United States. What has research demonstrated about its success?
Pullout ESL is the most widely used approach, and it involves removing ELLs from their regular class(es) for part of the day for English instruction in a special classroom with other ELLs. Even though it is the most expensive approach, pullout ESL has been shown to be the least effective. Two primary problems: 1) what happens in the special classroom varies widely; 2) teachers typically cannot plan lessons to match the mainstream class, so students fall behind.
Compare and contrast five major program models for ELLs.
Two program models have bilingualism as the linguistic goal. Although called by other names, one type is two-way bilingual education. Content and language arts instruction is in English and the native language. Students may be divided between English speakers and native-language speakers. The other type of program, the late-exit approach, is similar, although English is introduced progressively in the content areas. Another difference is that all students speak the same native language. The other program models are geared toward English acquisition. Early-exit programs focus on rapid transition into English-only classrooms. All students speak the same native language. Language arts instruction is primarily in English, and content instruction moves progressively from the native language to English. Another model, sheltered English, presents instruction in English, accompanied by the use of gestures and visual aids to increase comprehension. Students may share the same native language or be from different language backgrounds. The final model, pullout ESL, is similar to sheltered English, but students are given ESL instruction as part of their language arts curriculum.
In the opening story presented in Chapter 12 of your text, your textbook author talks about visits to her student teachers' schools. What is her main concern after doing these visits?
Technology is being used to expose students to new marketing venues, rather than to help them understand the larger global society.
In the year 2000, about what proportion of U.S. residents had been born in another country
1 in 10
Who identified four categories that can frame the development of global education in the curriculum?
William Kniep
One goal of the Mexican educational system is to develop and maintain educational facilities for all students attending school through which level?
grade 9
Who wrote Lies My Teacher Told Me, emphasizing that all countries teach a form of propaganda in their educational systems?
James Loewen
Describe education in any one of the following countries: Japan, Mexico, or Iraq.
Japan's educational system has a strong reputation worldwide, particularly in mathematics and in student test performance; literacy and graduation rates are high (95 percent). Schooling is regulated nationally but funded primarily at a local level. Most students attend public school, although 29 percent attend private school; many students participate in after-school enrichment programs. The school year is much longer than it is for U.S. students, but students are only required to attend through grade 9. Curriculum and structure are similar to those in the United States.
Define the term globalization. Discuss the potential positive and negative effects of globalization. How has globalization affected your community or the educational institutions with which you have been involved?
Responses may vary but should include the following elements: 1) involves interactions between cultures, corporations, and/or governments; 2) interactions are motivated by investments and trade agreements; 3) interactions are facilitated by information technology; 4) intensifies worldwide social relations. The idealized view of globalization is that it will successfully blend cultures in a way that represents diversity and emphasizes common goals such as human rights and environmental protection. The fear-based view is that globalization will lead to a homogenization of cultures with control by powerful, multinational corporations focused on economic growth at the expense of other goals. Answers to the last question will vary.