Ed Test Thursday Exam Part 1

Front 1

what type of radiation is produced during a Compton interaction

Back 1

scatter radiation

Front 2

this is an interaction where a primary photon interacts with an outer shell electron and changes direction there by becoming a scattered photon what type of reaction is this

Back 2

Compton interaction

Front 3

These photons are not a part of the useful beams and will impair image quality by placing density on the film which is unrelated to patient anatomy

Back 3

scattered photons

Front 4

what object is use to minimize the amount of scattered radiation reaching the film this can be accomplished by restricting the x-ray beam

Back 4

the grid

Front 5

this radiological object will keep the total amount of tissues irradiation to a minimum and has great importance in both improving image quality and reducing patient dose

Back 5

grid that produces proper beam restriction

Front 6

decrease in the number of primary photons result in a decrease in _______________ to the patient

Back 6

patient dose

Front 7

Kilovoltage and irradiated materials are the principal factors that affect the amount of _______________that are produced

Back 7

scattered radiation

Front 8

what affects the penetrability of the beam and as it increases were photons interaction with matter and more passed through the patient to interact with the film

Back 8

Kilovoltage

Front 9

what are the two most common interactions in X ray

Back 9

photoelectric interactions and Compton interactions

Front 10

As kilovoltage Rises what type of interaction increases

Back 10

Compton interaction

Front 11

as kilovoltage increases the percentage of primary photons that will undergo scattering does what

Back 11

increases

Front 12

what technical factors if there is no other changes given in an exposure will result in an increase in the transmission of photons and therefore an increase in the exit dose from the patient

Back 12

When kilovoltage is increased

Front 13

when kilvoltage increases the film will get lighter true or false

Back 13

false the film will become darker because there is more density

Front 14

every 99 percent ofphotons released in an xray that will be attenuated only __________ percent will be transmitted

Back 14

1 percent

Front 15

what level is selected based predominantly on the size of the part being examined and the radiographic contrast desired for the image

Back 15

Kilovoltage

Front 16

when ________________ is increased without any other changes and technical factors more scatter will result

Back 16

Kilivoltage

Front 17

kilivoltage is accompanied by a reduction in ______________ to maintain the same exit does the overall result will be a decrease in the amount of scatter produced

Back 17

mA

Front 18

when more photons are absorbed ______________ the resulting image has less density

Back 18

photoelectrically

Front 19

what interactive are of no use in demonstrating the structures of interest and nearly add unwanted density to the film that does not correspond with any particulars structure

Back 19

scatter photons from Compton interactions

Front 20

irradiated material

Back 20

Beam restriction page 239

Front 21

the amount of scatter created during interaction is affected by the __________ and __________ of the material being irradiated

Back 21

volume and atomic number

Front 22

as the volume of irradiated tissue increases the amount of scatter volume ____________ as the field size increases or the patient thickness increases

Back 22

increases

Front 23

larger body parts have more tissue to interact with the photons resulting in greater ____________ production

Back 23

greater scatter production

Front 24

the higher the atomic number of the material the ___________number of photoelectric absorption reactions and the less scatter

Back 24

greater

Front 25

______________ absorbs more radiation and scatters less than soft tissue

Back 25

Bone

Front 26

iodine, barium and lead absorb more radiation through the__________________ interaction then low atomic number materials do

Back 26

photoelectric

Front 27

what type of restriction has less scatter radiation and will reach film quicker plus what technical factors may be needed to increase the reduction in the overall film density

Back 27

beam restriction

Front 28

Beam restrictors

Back 28

page 240

Front 29

Aperture diaphragms, cones / cylinders, and collimators are three basic types of that I used to control scatter and reduce patient dose

Back 29

Beam restrictor devices

Front 30

what is a flat sheet of metal usually lead with a hole cut in the center and it adds to the x-ray tube port

Back 30

Aperture diaphragm

Front 31

what type of diaphragm is the simplest of all the beam restricting devices both in design and application and is comes in a different film sizes and different distances the opening can be made any size or shape but most are rectangular shape or round

Back 31

Aperture diaphragm

Front 32

SID stands for

Back 32

source: to image receptor distance

Front 33

what is the main advantage of using a aperture diaphragm

Back 33

low cost and easy to use

Front 34

what is the disadvantage of using a aperture diaphragm

Back 34

the principal advantages the increase in penumbra

Front 35

what is a geometric unsharpness around the periphery of an image

Back 35

Penumbra

Front 36

what is reduced when the beam restrictor is at an increase distance from the port

Back 36

Penumbra

Front 37

this is created when the primary photons diverge from the tube port and varying angles and intersect with the structures of interest at varying angles when creating the image reducing it will improve sharpness of the recorded image edges

Back 37

Penumbra

Front 38

this occurs because of the close proximity to the tube port this radiation originates within the x-ray tube but not at the focal spot this radiation can cause an image similar to shadows of the patient be on the exposed field of radiation the shadows are often believe to be caused by scatter radiation however scatter will never create an image of a specific anatomical structure

Back 38

off focus stem radiation

Front 39

this diaphragm was the original type of beam restrictor

Back 39

Aperture diaphragms

Front 40

what diaphragm when used by a radiographer does not provide a light field for viewing the projected image size

Back 40

Aperture diaphragm

Front 41

What are essentially circular Aperture diaphragm with metal extensions that has an extension which flares or diverges with the upper smaller than the bottom of the extension as it has a top

Back 41

Cones

Front 42

what does not flair out instead it has the same diameter at the bottom of the extension as it has at the top and may be clip with an extension sleeve which can expand or collapse to mary did degrees of beam restriction

Back 42

cylinder

Front 43

the skull spine gallbladder and breast all commonly used what type of diaphragm

Back 43

Cone/CYLINDER Aperture diaphragm

Front 44

what is disadvantage of a fixed field size unless they are equipped with an extension sleeve

Back 44

Cones

Front 45

what reduces penumbra and off focus radiation because they provide better beam restriction and as greater distance from the focal spot

Back 45

Cylinder

Front 46

what is the most commonly employed beam restrictor in radiography that has the advantage of providing a light source for the radiographer as an aid in properly placing the tube and central ray

Back 46

The collimator

Front 47

the __________ shutter reduces along the periphery of the beam because of the greater distance from the focal spot likewise the ____________ shutters reduce the amount off focus stem radiation waiting the film by absorbing this radiation before it exits the tube

Back 47

the bottom shutters and upper shutters

Front 48

Some units also provide an outline of the ________________ chambers size: and locationthe light field is provided by mounting a mirror in the path of the x-ray beam at 45 degrees a light sources in place opposite the mirror and the light is projected through the collimator

Back 48

AC E stands for automatic exposure control

Front 49

and proper positioning of the mirror or the light can cause an improper alignment of the

Back 49

Light field to the exposure field

Front 50

automatic collimators are known as what type of devices

Back 50

PBL which stands for positive beam limitation

Front 51

when a cassette is placed in the Bucky Tray and secured in a position sensing devices determine the size and placement of the cassette the sensing devices activate an electrical motor which drives the collimator lead shelters into proper position

Back 51

positive beam limitation devices

Front 52

what design is specifically made for a specific use during a given procedure

Back 52

auxiliary devices

Front 53

what is an example of an auxiliary device

Back 53

led blocker
sheet of lead impregnated rubber

Front 54

chapter 19

Back 54

create the image radiographic film

Front 55

what type of film is manufactured by coating both sides of the base material with an emulsion containing photosensitive crystals

Back 55

diagnostic radiographic film

Front 56

base, adhesive, emulsion, with crystal and super coat are the parts to complete construction of a what type of film

Back 56

diagnostic radiographic film

Front 57

the film base was originally composed of A what type of plate

Back 57

glass plate

Front 58

the film bass is often coated with a special softest to prevent light from one screen crossing over to the other causing blurry images this reflection of light is called

Back 58

crossover effect

Front 59

what type of the mission from the intensifying screen to reduce crossover effect

Back 59

ultra violet emission

Front 60

what term is a different effect caused my life being reflected from the air interface on the back of the base material

Back 60

Halation

Front 61

this type of coding may be apply to the back of a single emulsion film , this coding is designed to absorb the light coming from the emulsion and prevent backscatter visible light or reflected light from the degrading the image

Back 61

anti Halation coding

Front 62

decoding is removed buying the processing chemicals to permit like to be transmitted through to them for viewing but these layers contribute to patient does and are often used only in extremitysystems

Back 62

Anti Halation layers

Front 63

what type of emulsion them must be loaded with the emulsion towards the intensifying screen

Back 63

Single emulsion

Front 64

what type of film always seems dull and shiny

Back 64

Single emulsion Film

Front 65

what type of films have an identifying notch cut in the lower left corner

Back 65

Single emulsion Film

Front 66

what is a thin coating applied to the basement area before it is coated with the emulsion

Back 66

adhesive

Front 67

This substratum coding is designed to glue the emulsion to the bank and prevent bubbles or other distortions when this film is bent during processing or handling or when it is wet or Heated during development

Back 67

adhesive

Front 68

this is composed of gelatin in which photosensitive silver halide crystals are suspended the purpose of the gelatin is to act has a neutral Lucent suspension medium for the silver halide crystals that must be separated from one another to permit process and chemicals to reach them

Back 68

Emulsion

Front 69

what serve as a nonreactive medium through which chemicals can diffuse to reach the silver halides it's also distributes the crystals evenly over the surface of the film does preventing clumping of silver halides that would make one area of the Film more photo sensitive than the other

Back 69

Gelatin

Front 70

silver bromide, silver iodide, silver chloride are using radiographic film and are known as

Back 70

silver halides

Front 71

emulsions on a single side, diagnostic radiographic film is sometimes duplitized which is known as what type of film

Back 71

double coated film or double emulsion

Front 72

what modality radiographic film does not considered or use double emulsion or double coated film

Back 72

mammography

Front 73

what is a layer of hard protective gelatin designed to prevent this of emulsion underneath from being physically or chemically abused by scratches, abrasions from stacking and skin oils from handling it is usually designed to be anti static as well

Back 73

super coat

Front 74

what is extremely strong and when combined with a tough base material makes it nearly impossible to tear the only items routinely used during handling that are capable of permanently damaging the surface of a radiograph is a paper clip and a staple

Back 74

super coat

Front 75

the four stages of radiographic film manufacturing are

Back 75

crystal production, writing, mixing, coating

Front 76

what type of crystal production is accomplished, in total darkness, by combining silver nitrate and potassium bromide the presence of gelatin

Back 76

Silver bromide

Front 77

this crystal structure permits both free silver Atoms and free electrons to drift through the Lattice disability is the key to the formation of what type of image

Back 77

The Latent image

Front 78

Durring Latent image Formation the sensitivity specs serve as electrodes to attract a free silver ions they must have an impurity added usually gold silver sulfide and the crystals can be partially incorporated into its structure

Back 78

sensitivity specs

Front 79

what is the period during which silver halides are allowed to grow the size of the crystal determine their totalphotosensitivity so the longer the right thing. The larger the crystal and the more sensitive the emulation

Back 79

ripening

Front 80

this process follows: ripening the shredded emulsion is milk at a precise temperature to properly sensitized crystals a number of additives are then mixed into the emulsion

Back 80

Mixing

Front 81

colored dye hat improve sensitivity of silver halides, hardeners to prevent physical trauma, bacteria and fungicides to inhibit new growth of organisms, anti fog in ages to decrease it's a two bd two environmental factors such as heat

Back 81

a part of mixing

Front 82

what films are sensitive to all colors

Back 82

pan chromatic

Front 83

what colors are not sensitive to the red spectrum

Back 83

Othrochromatic

Front 84

manufacture, packaging, transport, exposure and processing are what

Back 84

what all films go through to be processeds

Front 85

what is the unseen charge in the atomic structure of the crystal Lattice that results in production of a visible image

Back 85

latent image formation

Front 86

the process where the incident photon or light or xray interacts with one of the halide bromine or iodidethe negatively charged sensitivity spec attracts a free silver ion then the silver ion neutralizes the sensitivity spec creating a trap and recreating the process until a clump of silver Atom rest

Back 86

this process is known as the ionic stage

Front 87

what type of radiography is used primarily for industrial nondestructive testing and occasionally the use of direct exposure film Can be justified when extremely fine detail is critical to diagnostic quality of the image

Back 87

n d t non destructive testing radiography

Front 88

what type of film has a single emulsion extremely fine grain silver halide crystals and a much greater is silver content

Back 88

direct exposure film

Front 89

Size of the crystal and thickness of the emulsion layer controls what

Back 89

Speed

Front 90

Larger crystal and thicker emulsion usually provides

Back 90

lower contrast and less resolution

Front 91

Screen film are made faster through their _____________ emulsion while a reduction in the silver content has been achieved through more efficent distribution of the silver

Back 91

Double emulsion

Front 92

what is another name for video imaging that requires a film that is sensitive to the light emitting by the CRT which are available in blue and green sensitivites as well as orthochromatic for either

Back 92

Cathode ray tube

Front 93

What type of film are directly exposed by the laser used in the imaging camera and the film must be sensitive to the color of light emitted by the PARTICULAR camera

Back 93

Laser film

Front 94

what type of film is designed to provide an exact image of the original film

Back 94

Duplication

Front 95

What type of film is available in two types
Subtraction mask film
and
Subtraction film

Back 95

Subtraction film

Front 96

Is the process by which a nearly exact copy the same size or a miniaturized version is made of a radiographic image

Back 96

Duplication

Front 97

This is a technique from the early days of photography that produces prints by exposure to sunlight

Back 97

Solarization

Front 98

what begins as a photographic technique that was used to overcome Superimposition of opacified arteries and various bone structure in lateral cerebral angiogram

Back 98

Subtraction

Front 99

What attempts to remove all densities on an image except the opacified vessels

Back 99

Subtraction process

Front 100

What are the factors for storage and handling

Back 100

Heat ,humidity, light , radiation, and handling

Front 101

What should be stored at a temperature of 20 degrees or 68 degrees or lower at all times

Back 101

Film

Front 102

What must be brought to room temperature in advance to use and before breaking the moisture proof seal

Back 102

Film

Front 103

what must be maintained between 30 and 60 percentto prevent condensation

Back 103

humidity

Front 104

what should be stored on end and not flat

Back 104

Film

Front 105

what type of cassettes have a lead blocker space in one corner to prevent them from being exposed to x-rays in that small area

Back 105

radiographic cassettes

Front 106

what areas serves as space for identification information to be flashed by the light

Back 106

radiographic cassette blockers

Front 107

__________ is manufactured in 4 stages crystal production, ripening, mixing, coating

Back 107

radiographic film

Front 108

what image is the unseen change in the atomic structure of the crystal

Back 108

Latent image

Front 109

what type of exposure film or non screen film can be used when extremely fine detail is critical although the extremely high radiation exposure requires careful justification

Back 109

Direct exposure

Front 110

What screens amplify the incoming x-ray beam and reduce patient radiation dose

Back 110

intensifying screen

Front 111

what type of screen produce large quantities light photons struck by xrays

Back 111

intensifying screens

Front 112

what percent of the latent image is formed by this light with less 1 percent contributed by the x-ray photons

Back 112

99 percent of latent image energy

Front 113

the screens are composed of radiolucent plastic coated with phosphorus that will emit lights when struck by x-ray photons

Back 113

intensifying screens

Front 114

what consist of a base a reflective layer a phosphorus layer and a protective coat

Back 114

A screen

Front 115

what is usually made of polyester plastic one milimeter thick although cardboard and metal have been used

Back 115

Base

Front 116

what materials not transparent to light

Back 116

Base material

Front 117

what type of energy that is emitted from the direction of the incident x-rated photos will have a slightly longer wavelength

Back 117

Light

Front 118

what is an active layer of intensifying screen that are materials capable of absorbing the energy of an x-ray photon and then emitting light photon

Back 118

phosphor layer

Front 119

Who discovered xrays when he observed the luminescence of the phosphor barium platinocyanide from a piece of cardboard in his laboratory

Back 119

Rontgen

Front 120

This is a plastic that is thick and is applied to the top of the phosphor layer from abrasions and strains during the loading and unloading of film

Back 120

Protective coat

Front 121

what must have a high atomic number high conversion efficiency appropriate spectral emission and minimal phosphorescence

Back 121

Phosphors

Front 122

what is desirable to increase the probability of in incident x-ray photon interaction because xray photons are of high energy a high atomic number is require to permits photoelectric and Compton interactions

Back 122

High atomic number

Front 123

as this efficiency increases the radiation dose to the patient decreased this is the ability of the phosphor to emit as much light per x-ray photon interaction as possible and is a measurement of the screen speed

Back 123

Conversion efficiency

Front 124

this emission is an indication of the precise wavelength of light emitted by the phosphor. .. it is important that's the spectrum emission match the sensitivity of the film to ensure maximum latent image formation

Back 124

Spectral emission

Front 125

this is the ability of a material to emit light in response to excitation usually by increased outer electron shell energy levels.....this happens because of the narrow energy band within the interactions these materials emit light with wavelength that are characteristics of the particular luminescent material this results in like the emissions of a characteristic color

Back 125

luminescence

Front 126

what are the two types of luminescence

Back 126

phosphorescence and fluorescence

Front 127

what occurs when the light is emitted within the time it takes an electron to complete one orbit of the affected shell electrons

Back 127

fluorescence

Front 128

what occurs when the light is emitted for a period longer than that necessary for one orbit of an affected shell electron

Back 128

phosphorescence

Front 129

This is instantaneous while phosphorescence is what type of emission

Back 129

fluorescence

Front 130

delayed phosphorescent emission its called _______________ and is common in older intensifying screen with exhausted phosphor

Back 130

Screen lag aka afterglow

Front 131

the normal life of an intensifying screen Phosphors is

Back 131

5 to 7 years

Front 132

this screen must produce enough light from these photons to create the latent image in the film emulsion

Back 132

intensifying screen

Front 133

__________ have gained popularity because they offer increase speed while maintaining resolution

Back 133

Rare earth

Front 134

resolution, speed, contrast and latitude are characteristics of

Back 134

intensifying screens

Front 135

what is the ability to adequately image in object Andy intensifying screen is controlled by the size of the funds for crystals the thickness of the layer and the concentration of the crystals

Back 135

resolution

Front 136

Phosphor crystal size and layer thickness of both ______________ related to resolution and directly related to screen speed

Back 136

inversely related

Front 137

A greater concentration of crystals will ______________ both resolution and screen speed

Back 137

increase

Front 138

Phosphor concentration is _____________ related to resolution and screen speed

Back 138

Directly

Front 139

intensifying screen phosphor crystals are much ____________ than the silver halide crystals and the film emulsions

Back 139

Larger

Front 140

what film and screen combination resolution always predominates over the film resolution

Back 140

radiographic film and intensifying screen combinations

Front 141

what is one of the most common screen resolution problems or contact between the

Back 141

screen and intensifying screen in the cassette

Front 142

what image light that exposes a corresponding area of silver halide crystals in the film emulsion

Back 142

Phosphor crystasls

Front 143

When insufficient phosphor crystal emit light to expose the a coherent expanse of film image will appear

Back 143

Grainy

Front 144

what is caused by an insufficient quantity of photons striking the intensifying screen

Back 144

Quantum mottle

Front 145

What tubes normally operate at very low mA levels. for this reason quantum mottle is more on normally seen in fluoroscopy

Back 145

fluoroscopic tubes

Front 146

This variable of the intensifying screen is determined by the same factors that control resolutions

Back 146

speed or sensitivity

Front 147

increasing _____________ concentration also increases speed

Back 147

Phosphor

Front 148

An increase in kvp will cause an increase in

Back 148

screen speed

Front 149

intensifying screen phosphor have relatively high atomic numbers so higher kvp will increase the properbility of

Back 149

light producing interactions within the phosphor

Front 150

what increases will decrease screen speed significantly

Back 150

Temperature