Ecology Test

Front 1

Genet

Back 1

Genetic individual found out by looking at DNA of nucleus. Produced by sexual reproduction

Front 2

Ramet

Back 2

Modules produced asexually by the genet. Ramets are clones-genetically identical modules

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ubiquitous

Back 3

found everywhere

Front 4

endemic

Back 4

found in a certain area

Front 5

Habitat

Back 5

-Place where organism lives

-all environmental factors are within the range of tolerance

Front 6

Metapopulation

Back 6

collection of subpopulations

Front 7

subpopulation

Back 7

suitable habitat patches, there is a habitat in-between each of these populations that is unsuitable

Front 8

unitary organisms

Back 8

an individuals form, development, and growth is predictable & determinant

HUMANS

Front 9

modular individual

Back 9

zygote develops into module then produces similar modules

PLANTS

Front 10

Distribution

Back 10

geographic range over which population occurs

based on presence/absence of individuals

Front 11

Geographic range

Back 11

area that encompasses all individuals of a species

Front 12

abundance

Back 12

# of individuals in a population affected by density & area of distribution

Front 13

density

Back 13

# of individuals per unit area

Front 14

Three types of spatial distribution

Back 14

1) random

2) clumped

3) uniform

Front 15

random

Back 15

occurs when:

1) individuals in a population don't have any +/-interactions

2) resources are evenly distributed

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Uniform

Back 16

occurs when:

1) COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES

2) territorial EVEN SPACING

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Clumped

Back 17

*MOST COMMON*

1) resources are clumped in the environment

2) Individuals that live in groups

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Methods for sampling

Back 18

1) complete counts

2) sampling units

3) mark-recapture

4) relative density or abundance

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complete count

Back 19

directly count all individuals

-possible if population is rare/endangered

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sampling

Back 20

1) divide area into subunits

2) count animals in prescribed manner

3) determine mean density of units sampled

4) multiply mean density x total area = estimate population size

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mark-recapture

Back 21

*MOST WIDELY USED*

1)trap then mark and release known # of animals (M) into population (N) (solving for this)

2) mix with population, then capture some (n) some captured will have marks (R)

Equation: n/R=N/M solve for N

Front 22

Mark and recapture equation???

Back 22

n/R =N/M

n: recapture total

R: recaptured ones with marks

N: POPULATION number

M: initial captured animals

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Why is it important to know the age structure?

Back 23

Can make hypothesis about how population will grow, not grow, decline or rise in the future.

*indicates reproduction*

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Dispersal:

Back 24

movement of individuals

Emigration: out

Immigration: in

Front 25

4 factors that control population growth?

Back 25

1) Birth

2) death

3) emigration

4) immigration

Front 26

r = instantaneous per capita rate of growth

r=(b-d)

Back 26

r=0 birth rates = death rates

blah blah self explanatory

Front 27

Explain exponential model of population growth

Back 27

rN=dN/dt (Change in population size)/time)

r= instantaneous per capita rate of of growth

exponential growth is characteristic of population inhabiting favorable environments at low population densities

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Front (Term)

Back 28

Back (Definition)

Front 29

What are the three types of basic survivorship curves?

Back 29

Type I

Type II

Type III

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Type 1

Back 30

Individuals live out their lifespan and have a heavy mortality rate @ the end of their lifespan

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Type 2

Back 31

survival rates don't vary with age

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Type 3

Back 32

mortality rate very high early in life!c`

Front 33

Net reproductive rate

Back 33

Ro average # of female offspring that will be produced over a lifetime by a newborn female.

Front 34

Equation for Ro (NRR)

Back 34

Ro = Sigma lxbx (you basically multiply the probability of surviving at any given age by the mean number of females born to a female in each age group)

Front 35

What does it mean for Ro when:

– = 1

– > 1

– < 1

Back 35

– = 1 stable population

– > 1 population increasing

– < 1 population decreasing

Front 36

what is lamda?

Back 36

lamda is the number of individuals at one time period divided by the number of individuals in the next time period

Front 37

how can a population projection table predict estimate r?

Back 37

r=ln(lamda)

Front 38

demographic stochasticity

Back 38

random variations in b/d rates from yr to yr

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environmental stochasticity

Back 39

random variations in env

Front 40

allee effect

Back 40

decline in production or survival under low population density

- cant find mates

-high possibility of inbreds

Front 41

genetic process

Back 41

reduce genetic diversity

-influences populations ability to adapt

Front 42

mechanisms for genetic process

Back 42

genetic drift & inbreeding & loss of heterozygosity

Front 43

Components of Life history?

Back 43

1) size

2) rates of growth

3) survivorship

4) rates of development

5) physiological adaptations

6) Reproduction

Front 44

describe trade offs in life history related to reproduction

Back 44

allocationsof reproduction reduces amount of resources available for growth

1) modes of reproduction

2) age at reproduction

3) allocation to reproduction

4) # of offspring produced

5) timing of reproduction

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What are the trade offs in life history imposed by?

Back 45

intrinsic and extrinsic contraints

intrinsic: phylogeny, development patterns, genetics

extrinsic: physical env. presence of predators or competitors

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fecundity

Back 46

ability to produce abundant health growth or offspring

Front 47

Reproduction has cost: (three cost)

Back 47

1) survivorship cost

2) fecundity cost

3) growth cost

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survivorship cost?

Back 48

1)activity required in getting a mate

2)defending territory

3)feeding and protection of young

4)physiological cost

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fecundity cost?

Back 49

reproduction can leave organism w/ little resources. not enough to produce same # of offspring for future reproduction

Front 50

growth cost?

Back 50

if an organism reproduces earlier in age it has fewer offpsring!

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mating systems?

Back 51

1) monogamy

2) polygamy

3) promiscuity

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monogamy

Back 52

lasting bond between male and female

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polygamy

Back 53

one mate & two or more females or vice versa

The one with multiple mates contributes little to the offspring

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promiscuity

Back 54

males/females/mate w/one or many of the opposite sex with no pair bond

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reproduction has a cost in the event of a plant producing fruit, the more fruit it has the lower its leaf area is and the lower it's probability of flowering is.

Back 55

see front dawg

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Body size

Back 56

AS BODY SIZE INCREASES FECUNDITY INCREASES YOOOO!!!

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Processes of sexual selection & how these processes account for differences between the sexes.

Back 57

intersexual: differential attractiveness of individuals of one sex to another (bring colors, increased FITNESS for the one that is chosen)

intrasexual: members of same sex compete for opportunity to mate:

so this obviously results in larger size, agressiveness, (antlers, horns ETC.)

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r-selected species

Back 58

variable in time/short lived!

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k- selected species

Back 59

stable, long lived, few fluctuations

Front 60

brood size trend

Back 60

survivorship decreases with increasing brood size

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r

Back 61

r

Front 62

explain the logistic model of population growth!

Back 62

as N increases the rate of population decreases, eventually reaching 0 at the carrying capacity

S Shaped curve w/ inflection point at middle (highest rate of growth K/2)

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How do density dependent FACTORS regulate avg populations & small populations

Back 63

slow population growth w/ increasing population density

mortality increases and/or birthrate decreases

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social dominance

Back 64

ex: wolves, mating is very controlled in packs

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territoriality

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get the best area & make it exclusive to others (unable to grow/reproduce outside of territory)

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space pre-emption

Back 66

zones of resource depletion

ex: tall trees' canopies blocking plants under

ex: large root mass depleting water in soil

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density INDEPENDENT population regulation

Back 67

influence pop. growth by impacting b&d rates but don't regulate the population:

ex: naturual disasters, temperature, precipitation

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Density dependent

Back 68

1) resource limitation

2) predation

3) disease

4) parasites

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small populations are more susceptible to 3 things:

Back 69

1) environmental stochasticity

2) demographic stochasticity

3) the allee effect

4)Genetic problems/inbreeding

5) breakdownin social structure

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intraspecific competition

Back 70

one or more resources in short supply

Front 71

intraspecific competition (types)

Back 71

1) scramble

2) contest

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intraspecific competition: scamble

Back 72

all individuals affected equally

Front 73

intraspecific competition: contest

Back 73

some win and others lose

Front 74

self thinning in plants?

Back 74

decline in density and increase in biomass of remaining individuals

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b

Back 75

b

Front 76

4 conditions to apply term metapopulation

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1) suitable habitat occurs in patches

2) even largest population has risk of extinction

3) habitat patches are not too isolated

4) dynamics of local populations aren't sychronized

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Population interactions: Neutral

Back 77

No benefit for either

Front 78

Population interactions: Mutualism

Back 78

Both benefit

Front 79

Population interactions: commensalism

Back 79

One benefits, one has no effect

Front 80

Population interactions: competition

Back 80

negative for both

Front 81

amensalism

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negative for one, no impact for the other

Front 82

predation

Back 82

+ for one - for the other

Front 83

parasitism

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+ for one - for the other

Front 84

fundamental vs realized niche

Back 84

fundamental: full range of conditions and resources to which an organism is adapted

realized niche: the portion of the fundamental niche that a species exploits in the presence of other speices

Front 85

wow good job

Back 85

yee

Front 86

difference between intraspecific competition and interspecific

Back 86

intra: same species

inter: different species

Front 87

INTERspecific competion (two forms)

and alternative forms

Back 87

1) exploitation

2) interference

1. consumption 2. preemption 3. overgrowth

4. chemical interaction 5. territorial 6. ecounter

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interspecific competition: consumption

Back 88

shared food resources

Front 89

interspecific competition: preemption

Back 89

(already there) sessile organisms occupy space

Front 90

interspecific competition: overgrowth

Back 90

one organism grows over another

Front 91

interspecific competition: chemical

Back 91

allelopathy: a plant produces chemicals that prevent other plants from growing

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interspecific competition: territorial

Back 92

exclusion from other territories

Front 93

interspecific competition: encounter

Back 93

negative interactions

ex: various scavengers fighting over one carcass

Front 94

Lotka-Volterra competition model is used for

Back 94

relationship between two specifies using the same resource

alpha and beta

convert the pop size of the one species into the equivalent number of individuals of the other

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gause competitive exclusion

Back 95

P. aurelia outcompetes p. caudatum

Front 96

competitive exclusion

Back 96

COMPLETE COMEPETITIORS CANNOT coEXIST MAN!!!!!!!

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interspecific interactions

Back 97

between two different species

Front 98

terepenoids

Back 98

natural repellants plants produce

Front 99

Mutual population regulation

Back 99

1) functional: increased prey density=more prey consumed "kill rate"

2)numerical: increased # of food=increase # of predators

Front 100

plants use 3 types of defense

Back 100

mechanical: thorns, spines, hair

structural: tough plant tissue

chemical: repellents

Front 101

startle coloration

Back 101

scare predators away

Front 102

aposematic coloration

Back 102

WARNING coloration

Front 103

batesian mimicry

Back 103

when a harmless snake is the same colors as a deadly snake

Front 104

mullerian

Back 104

similar coloring is toxic in every animal

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yo

Back 105

yo

Front 106

Hemiparasite

Back 106

HAVE chlororphyll, are photosynthetic in nature

Front 107

Holoparasites

Back 107

DO NOT have chlorophyll and are thus nonphotosynthetic RELY ON HOST

Front 108

inflamatory response in plants

Back 108

prevent parasites from spreading (form GALLS)

Front 109

What do parasites do to the host?

Back 109

1) reduce growth/reproduction

2) reduce reproductive success of males

3) indirect mortality

Front 110

mutualism

Back 110

coral and zooxanthellae

Front 111

myocorrhizae

Back 111

fungi that live in association with plant roots

Front 112

angiosperms

Back 112

require polintors which act as a vector to carry pollen somwhereelse