Ecology Test 4 And Final

Front 1

this vitamin is ONLY found in animal products

Back 1

B-12

Front 2

this vitamin is found in foods like peas, papaya, green peppers and potatoes

Back 2

Vitamin C

Front 3

this vitamin is very sensitive to heat destruction

Back 3

Vitamin C

Front 4

this vitamin promotes a healthy immune system, helps heal wounds heal, and aids in the absorption of iron

Back 4

Vitamin C

Front 5

RDA for Vitamin C

Back 5

75mg-90mg

Front 6

the EAR for Vitamin C needed is based on the amount needed to saturate these things in the immune system

Back 6

neutrophils

Front 7

after a normal amount of intake, vitamin C is absorbed in the small intestine via what type of transport

Back 7

active transport

Front 8

after a high amount of intake, vitamin C is absorbed in the stomach and small intestine via what type of transport

Back 8

simple diffusion

Front 9

this vitamin functions as an antioxidant, helps with the hydroxylation of amino acids, accepts & donates electrons and is involved in a variety of redox reactions

Back 9

Vitamin C

Front 10

Charged substances that have unpaired electrons in their outer shells ; break DNA & oxidize fatty acids found in cell membranes

Back 10

free radicals

Front 11

this vitamin neutralizes free radicals by providing an electron

Back 11

vitamin c

Front 12

three diseases related to oxidative stress

Back 12

cancer
heart disease
cataracts

Front 13

nausea, diarrhea, cramping and kidney stones may result from a toxicity on which vitamin

Back 13

Vitamin C

Front 14

beans, legumes, nuts, eggs, meats and fish are all sources of this vitamin

Back 14

Vitamin B-6

Front 15

this vitamin is important for maintain healthy brain function, the breakdown of proteins and the synthesis of antibodies in support of the immune system

Back 15

vitamin B-6

Front 16

Food Group?
thiamin
riboflavin
niacin
vitamin B6
folate

Back 16

grain

Front 17

Food Group?
riboflavin
niacin
vitamin B6
folate
vitamin c
vitamin a
vitamin e
vitamin k

Back 17

vegetables

Front 18

Food Group?
folate
vitamin c
vitamin a

Back 18

fruits

Front 19

Food Group?
vitamin e

Back 19

oils

Front 20

Food Group?
riboflavin
vitamin a
vitamin d
vitamin d
vitamin b12

Back 20

milk/dairy

Front 21

food group:
thiamin
riboflavin
niacin
biotin
folate
vitamin b12
vitamin a
vitamin d
vitamin k

Back 21

meat and beans/proteins

Front 22

the chemical term for vitamin B6

Back 22

pyridixine

Front 23

this vitamins functions include the synthesis of nonessential amino acids, production of nonprotein substances, and the synthesis of hemoglobin

Back 23

vitamin B6

Front 24

this process Is what needs to happen to release glucose from energy to storage

Back 24

glycogenolysis

Front 25

a vitamin B6 deficiency results in this

Back 25

microcytic hypochromic anemia

Front 26

which group of people normally suffer from a vitamin B6 deficiency due to an inadequate heme production

Back 26

alcoholics

Front 27

toxicity of this vitamin may cause sever neurological problems such as difficulty walking, and numbness in hands and feet

Back 27

Vitamin B6

Front 28

RDA for Vitamin B6

Back 28

1.3-1.7 mg

Front 29

UL for Vitamin B6

Back 29

100 mg

Front 30

this vitamin consists of a nitrogen-containing double ring structure, a nitrogen-containing single ring structure, and glutamic acid

Back 30

folate

Front 31

this is the synthetic form of folate; usually found in fortified foods and supplements

Back 31

folic acid

Front 32

heat, light and oxygen destroy this vitamin

Back 32

folate

Front 33

vitamin name for Folate

Back 33

vitamin B9

Front 34

food sources of this vitamin include fortified cereal, oranges, legumes, asparagus, turkey and enriched rice

Back 34

folate/ vitamin b9

Front 35

this vitamin aids in the production of red blood cells, aids in the synthesis of DNA

Back 35

folate/ vitamin b9

Front 36

folate works with what other two vitamins to help control homocysteine levels

Back 36

vitamins B12 and B6

Front 37

folate works with what other two vitamins to help the body digest and utilize proteins

Back 37

B12 and vitamin C

Front 38

you will have an increased need of this vitamin if you smoke, have kidney disease, are pregnant, during lactation, or have celiac disease

Back 38

folate

Front 39

what must be cleaved from folate before it can be absorbed in the body and converted into tetrahydrofolate

Back 39

glutamate units

Front 40

developed when a mother does not consume enough folate during pregnancy and the baby is delivered but it's neural tube does not fully close

Back 40

spina bifida

Front 41

this is a folate deficiency where the red blood cells are unable to divide, remain large and contain organelles which are not normally found in mature red blood cells

Back 41

macrocytic anemia

Front 42

alcoholics, premature infants, people with intestinal disease, those take certain medications, the elderly, people with genetic variations, and people with increased cells division (such as pregnant women) are at risk for this vitamin deficiency

Back 42

folate

Front 43

RDA for folate
pregnant women?

Back 43

400 micrograms
pregnant women need 600 micrograms

Front 44

UL for folate

Back 44

1000 micrgrams

Front 45

Vitamin B12 is also known as...

Back 45

cobalamin

Front 46

eggs, milk, shellfish, clams, beef liver, and oysters are a good source of which vitamin?

Back 46

Vitamin B12/Cobalamin

Front 47

this vitamin is important for metabolism, the formation of red blood cells, and the maintenance of the central nervous system

Back 47

vitamin B12/cobalamin

Front 48

the elderly will often experience a deficiency in this vitamin because they can not absorb it, often resulting in fatigue

Back 48

vitamin B12/cobalamin

Front 49

during the regulation of B12, where is B12 stored within the body?

Back 49

liver

Front 50

within the stomach, parietal cells release the intrinsic factor which later binds to what vitamin?

Back 50

vitamin B12/cobalamin

Front 51

tis vitamin functions as a coenzyme to catalyze the metabolism of amino and fatty acids for ATP production

Back 51

vitamin B12/cobalamin

Front 52

vitamin B12 helps with the conversion of homocysteine to what?

Back 52

methionine

Front 53

vegans, breastfed infants and the elderly are commonly at risk for a deficiency in this vitamin

Back 53

Vitamin B12/ Cobalamin

Front 54

When malnutrition leads to a lack of intrinsic factor secretion, an autoimmune disease that destroys parietal cells and eventually leads to a B12 deficiency

Back 54

pernicious anemia

Front 55

by "curing" megaloblastic anemia, supplements of this vitamin can "mask" a B12 deficiency

Back 55

folate

Front 56

RDA for Vitamin B12

Back 56

2.4 micrograms

Front 57

which three vitamins act as coenzymes?

Back 57

Thiamin, riboflavin and niacin

Front 58

the organic substances that dissolve in lipids & are vital to health

Back 58

fat soluble vitamins

Front 59

these types of vitamins are key players in cell growth
maturation and gene regulation

Back 59

fat soluble

Front 60

where are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

Back 60

small intestine

Front 61

this fat soluble vitamin has very strong antioxidant properties

Back 61

vitamin E

Front 62

which fat soluble vitamin is stored but is not available to be utilized?

Back 62

vitamin E

Front 63

the most potent form of a retinoid which can be synthesized from retinal

Back 63

retinol

Front 64

this is the only carotenoid that can be converted into a functional vitamin of vitamin A

Back 64

Beta-carotene

Front 65

1 retinol activity equivalent equals 12 micrograms of what

Back 65

beta-carotene

Front 66

this vitamin can be found in organ meats, liver, fatty fish, a dairy products

Back 66

vitamin A

Front 67

chemical name for vitamin C

Back 67

ascorbic acid

Front 68

high intakes of vitamin c is absorbed within what two organs of the body

Back 68

stomach and small intestine

Front 69

what type of transport mechanism does vitamin C use to be regulated? (two names)

Back 69

glucose transport mechanism/sodium dependent active transport

Front 70

vitamin C enhances the absorption of these three trace minerals

Back 70

iron, copper and chromium

Front 71

something that neutralizes free radicals so that they no longer damage molecules such as DNA

Back 71

antioxidant

Front 72

these are organic substances that are vital to health that dissolve in lipids

Back 72

fat soluble vitamins

Front 73

a nutrient that you need less a gram of

Back 73

micronutrient

Front 74

vitamins A and E are key players in what three things overall

Back 74

cell growth, maturation, gene regulation

Front 75

where are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed

Back 75

small intestine

Front 76

this preformed vitamin A retinoid is the most potent and can be synthesized from retinal

Back 76

retinol

Front 77

this is the vitamin A retinoid that can be converted to retinoic acid

Back 77

retinal

Front 78

name the order of vitamin A retinoids

Back 78

retinol->retinal->retinoic acid

Front 79

these are the carotenoids that are called "proformed" as opposed to "preformed", and can be converted to vitamin A. An example is Beta-Carotene

Back 79

Provitamin A carotenoid

Front 80

these are the carotenoids that are considered phytochemicals and can not be converted to vitamin A to any extent. Examples are lycopene, astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein

Back 80

non-provitamin A carotenoids

Front 81

this non-provitamin A carotenoid may come from algae or things eaten by fish. Light Pink

Back 81

xanthophyls

Front 82

this is found in tomatoes, pink and red vegetables and is related to a lower risk of prostate cancer

Back 82

lycopene

Front 83

this non-provitamin A carotenoid may come from dark green veg, corn, egg yolk,
it may decrease growth of breast tumors
and is important to eye health

Back 83

lutein

Front 84

1 RAE is equivalent to 12 micrograms of what

Back 84

beta-carotene

Front 85

preformed vitamin A OR provitamin A?
organ meats, liver, fatty fish, dairy products

Back 85

preformed vitamin A

Front 86

preformed vitamin A OR provitamin A?
yellow, orange, red fruits/vegetables and leafy greens

Back 86

provitamin A

Front 87

where are Vitamin A and carotenoids contained

Back 87

in chylomicrons

Front 88

what three places are vitamin A delivered to within the body

Back 88

adipose tissue, muscle, eye

Front 89

this vitamin is responsible for cells differentiation, maintaining a healthy immune system, building strong bones and helping with vision

Back 89

vitamin A

Front 90

this vitamin maintains protective barriers within the immune system and helps produce lymphocytes and antibodies

Back 90

vitamin A

Front 91

a deficiency in this vitamin will result in an increased rate of infectious diseases and illness

Back 91

vitamin A

Front 92

this is the term, in respect to a Vitamin A deficiency that causes irreversible blindness

Back 92

xerophthalmia

Front 93

epidemiological studies predicted that DIETS rich in this vitamin are associated with a lower risk of some types of cancers

Back 93

vitamin A

Front 94

these break down bone

Back 94

osteoclasts

Front 95

these build bones up

Back 95

osteoblasts

Front 96

these function to influence the immune system in Antioxidant function
Regulation of gene expression
Maintenance of normal cell turnover and
Decreases risk for certain diseases

Back 96

caroneoids

Front 97

these are two carotenoids are related to decreases risk of muscular degeneration are both found in measurable concentrations with in the eye

Back 97

lutein and zeaxanthin

Front 98

a secondary vitamin A deficiency occurs when people have what two conditions

Back 98

cystic fibrosis (fat absorption is decreased) or alcoholism (liver is not functioning well as needed)

Front 99

a vitamin A deficiency that occurs making the skin rough, bumpy and irritated

Back 99

hyperkeratosis

Front 100

a vitamin A deficiency that occurs and causes dry eyes & scarring, "Bitot’s spots" and
blindness

Back 100

xerophthalmia

Front 101

RDA for Vitamin A

Back 101

700-900 RAE

Front 102

UL for Vitamin A

Back 102

3000 RAE

Front 103

chemical name for vitamin A meaning to give birth

Back 103

tocopherol

Front 104

this vitamin is found in foods like fortified breakfast cereal, corn, nuts, olives, leafy green veggies, tomatoes, veggie oils and wheat germ

Back 104

vitamin E

Front 105

the most active form (and natural) of Vitamin E

Back 105

alpha

Front 106

RDA for vitamin E

Back 106

15mg

Front 107

excess vitamin E, although inaccessible, is stored where within the body

Back 107

adipose tissue

Front 108

once vitamin E goes through circulation via lymph and blood, it returns to the liver and is repackaged into what?

Back 108

VLDL's

Front 109

oxidative cloudy growths that develop on the lens of the eye

Back 109

cataracts

Front 110

which vitamin taken as a supplement may cause one to be at a lower risk for developing cataracts

Back 110

vitamin E

Front 111

what increases plaque

Back 111

oxidized LDL

Front 112

this vitamins deficiency symptoms include neuromuscular problems, loss of coordination, muscular pain and hemolytic anemia (damage to red cell membrane)

Back 112

Vitamin E

Front 113

vitamin E intake is based on the amount needed to protect what

Back 113

red cell membranes

Front 114

the UL for vitamin E

Back 114

1000 mg

Front 115

this vitamin acts as a coagulant to prevent blood clotting

Back 115

Vitamin E

Front 116

sardines are 107% of the daily value for his vitamin

Back 116

vitamin D

Front 117

where is vitamin D stored within the body

Back 117

liver

Front 118

vitamin D will be activated when there are low amounts of what mineral in the blood

Back 118

calcium

Front 119

RDA for Vitamin D

Back 119

15 micrograms

Front 120

UL for Vitamin D

Back 120

100 micrograms (only as a supplement is it toxic)

Front 121

this mineral is found in fortified breakfast cereals, yogurt, collard greens, turnip greens, mustard greens, fish with bones, and dairy products

Back 121

calcium

Front 122

RDA for calcium

Back 122

1000 mg

Front 123

Vitamin D is actually not considered a vitamin, it is actually considered a ___________

Back 123

hormone

Front 124

if you must take a supplement of calcium how much can you consume at a time?

Back 124

less than 500mg

Front 125

this promotes gene expression, or, the synthesis of specific proteins needed for calcium absorption

Back 125

vitamin D

Front 126

the most abundant mineral in your body

Back 126

calcium

Front 127

having soft bones as a result of a Vitamin D and Calcium deficiency

Back 127

rickets

Front 128

age related loss of bone

Back 128

osteopenia

Front 129

for women 50 years and up, what does there RDA increase to?

Back 129

1200mg

Front 130

UL for calcium

Back 130

2500mg

Front 131

having a high blood calcium triggers the thyroid gland to secrete this hormone which stops calcium from being released from the bone

Back 131

calcitonin

Front 132

having a low blood calcium level triggers these glands which in turn releases a hormone to stimulate the release of calcium from the bone

Back 132

parathyroid gland

Front 133

this protein aids in calcium absorption within the small intestine. Its synthesis is vitamin D dependent

Back 133

calbindin

Front 134

the five players involved in regulation of calcium when it is low

Back 134

parathyroid glands
vitamin d
bones
intestine
kidneys

Front 135

this gland secrete calcitonin which decreases absorption, increases excretion, and decreases bone loss

Back 135

thyroid gland

Front 136

the three players involved in rising calcium levels

Back 136

thyroid gland, bones, and kidneys

Front 137

when blood calcium levels are low, this hormone causes calcium to be reabsorbed into the kidney and activates vitamin D

Back 137

Parathyroid hormone

Front 138

the spongy bone

Back 138

trabecular

Front 139

the compact bone

Back 139

cortical

Front 140

calcium supplements may interfere with what other two nutrient's absorption?

Back 140

iron an zinc

Front 141

RDA or Calcium

Back 141

1000 mg

Front 142

RDA for Vitamin D

Back 142

15 micrograms

Front 143

the UL for vitamin D

Back 143

100 micro grams

Front 144

high concentration of calcium are absorbed by what type of diffusion or transport?

Back 144

passive diffusion

Front 145

low concentrations of calcium are absorbed by what type of diffusion or transport?

Back 145

active transport

Front 146

this type of iron is found in meat

Back 146

heme irio

Front 147

this type of iron is 85% of dietary iron and is found in vegetables and legumes

Back 147

non-heme iron

Front 148

food sources of this element are clams, enriched flake cereal, turkey giblets, white beans, lentils, and spinach

Back 148

iron

Front 149

RDA for women of Iron

Back 149

18mg

Front 150

RDA for men of Iron

Back 150

8mg

Front 151

the two inhibitors of non-heme iron bioavailability

Back 151

phytates(vegetables, grains and seeds)
polyphenols (tea, coffee, red wine)

Front 152

iron is attached to this protein carrier during absorption

Back 152

transferrin

Front 153

what is iron stored as ?

Back 153

ferritin

Front 154

what is it that keeps a balance between the absorption and excretion of iron

Back 154

the digestive tract

Front 155

If iron levels are adequate, iron is stored where

Back 155

enterocytes

Front 156

phytates, tannins, soil clay, laundry starch, iron overload, antacids
inhibitors, competitors or facilitators of iron?

Back 156

inhibitors

Front 157

lead, cobalt, strontium, manganese, zinc
inhibitors, competitors or facilitators of iron?

Back 157

competitors

Front 158

ascorbate, citrate, amino acids, iron deficiency
inhibitors, competitors or facilitators of iron?

Back 158

facilitators

Front 159

this transport proteins job is to deliver iron to the body cells

Back 159

ferritin

Front 160

found in your muscle cells, this releases oxygen to cells when it is needed for ATP production and muscle contraction

Back 160

myglobin

Front 161

this in the #1 nutritional deficiency

Back 161

iron deficiency

Front 162

this is the vitamin B-6 deficiency that results in inadequate heme production where oxygen availability is decreased within the tissues; it
Impairs the ability to produce ATP by aerobic metabolism

Back 162

microcytic hypochromic anemia

Front 163

this vitamin acts as a coenzyme involved in the transfer of single-carbon groups to form organic substances

Back 163

folate

Front 164

within the small intestine, Vitamin B-12 is absorbed into the enterocytes and is then bound to what protein

Back 164

transcobalamin

Front 165

Macrocytic anemia, fatigue, difficulty sleeping, numbness, memory loss, and severe neurological disturbances are all symptoms of this vitamins deficiency

Back 165

B12

Front 166

iron RDA for men

Back 166

8mg

Front 167

iron RDA for women

Back 167

18 mg

Front 168

iron RDA for vegetarians must be found by multiplying by what number

Back 168

1.8

Front 169

UL for iron

Back 169

45mg

Front 170

this type of iron is found in enriched foods

Back 170

ferric iron

Front 171

symptoms of this vitamins toxicity includes vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, black stools
or even death

Back 171

iron

Front 172

this group of people needs an 80% increased RDA and iron supplements

Back 172

vegetarians

Front 173

excess of this vitamin is deposited in the liver, heart and muscles

Back 173

iron

Front 174

for people in bt 19 and 50, what is the iron RDA

Back 174

18mg

Front 175

lactating women's RDA for iron

Back 175

9-10mg

Front 176

this defect occurs when the hormone hepcidin that controls absorption is not synthesized

Back 176

hemochromatosis

Front 177

iron RDA for pregnant women

Back 177

27mg