Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Biological Community
|
All populations within a time and space
|
|
|
Communal/Mutualistic Relationship and Example
|
Both Organisms Benefit
EX: Black Walnut Plant and Mycorrhizae of Fungus |
|
|
Competitive Relationship and Example
|
Organisms fight over resources, fight for same niche
EX: Black Walnut "Jugalone" Inhibits other plants |
|
|
Commensalism Relationship
|
One organism benefits (commensal), other is unaffected (host)
|
|
|
Parasitic Relationship
|
One organism suffers (host), one organism benefits (parasite)
|
|
|
Neutral Relationship
|
Both Organisms have NO effect on each other at all
|
|
|
Amensalism Relationship and Example
|
One organism negatively affects the other, but without gain
EX: Homosapiens Vs. Natural World |
|
|
Biological Adaptation
|
Organism's response to a particular environment
|
|
|
Niche
|
An Organism's Environmental Requirements or Role
|
|
|
Fundamental Niche
|
The Niche which an organism could THEORETICALLY occupy... Other organisms and the availability of various resources will often keep an organism from reaching this...
|
|
|
Niche Partitioning and Examples
|
Organisms are forced to partition a larger fundamental niche, so that several species can coexist...
EX: Bird Species EX2: Parasites in Rat Intestine EX3: Barnacle Species |
|
|
Realized Niche
|
The actual Niche that an organism occupies within a community... NOTE: Is ALWAYS smaller than the fundamental niche
A realized niche may EXPAND or CONTRACT depending on many factors... |
|
|
Parthenogenesis
|
Asexual reproduction, exhibited by Daphnia
|
|
|
Chi-Square Contingency Test
|
Tells whether or not the data is likely for a reason or simply due to chance, by comparing actual values with expected values
|
|
|
Pros/Cons of Species Aggregation
|
PROS:
-Able to survive predation -Easy to Reproduce Cons: -Susceptible to disease spread -Susceptible to genetic drift -Entire population could be threatened at once |
|
|
Alexander Von Humboldt
|
Prussian Explorer, noted different communities at different altitudes
|
|
|
Trophic Relationships
|
Think Food Web. Energy relationships from organism to organism...
Sun -> Plant -> Consumer -> Predator |
|
|
Clements' Super-Organism Model
|
Ecosystems, like an organism, go through stages of life... removal of vital parts could result in death of the entire system... Communities are well-defined areas, each unique and separate...
|
|
|
Gleason's Continuum Model
|
Communities have fuzzy boundaries; certain species will appear as other disappear as the environment changes.
|
|
|
Whittaker's Experiment and Theory
|
Sampled trees along an altitudinal gradient and noticed gradual change in species distributions, without any clear dividing lines between communities.
Gleason's Continuum model is most accurate. |
|
|
Interference Competition and Examples
|
One species directly interferes with another.
EX: Harvester Ant Vs. Honeypot Ant EX2: Penicillium Fungus Vs. Bacterium |
|
|
Exploitative Competition and Examples
|
Indirect competition between species due to struggle for same resources
EX: Tree species fighting for sunlight |
|
|
Allelopathy
|
Chemical Warfare between plant species
|
|
|
Intraspecific / Interspecific Competition
|
Intra -- Between Same Species
Inter -- Between Different Species |
|
|
Gause's Competition Experiment with Paramecium
|
Smaller species would always survive, unless steel wool was inserted into the test tube-- thus creating multiple environments for adaptation
|
|
|
Congeners
|
Organisms of the same genus
|
|
|
Gause's Competitive Exclusion Principle
|
Two species CANNOT coexist within the same exact niche
|
|
|
Biomass
|
Accumulated organism material (normally weighed out) over time
|
|
|
Replacement Series Experiment
|
Planting different plants together in different ratios, then comparing biomass to see if they affect each other.
|
|
|
Niche Overlap
|
Will increase the amount of competition between species
|
|
|
Growth Equation for Species 1 In Isolation
|
|
|
|
Competition Coefficients
|
α = effect of species 2 on species 1
β = effect of species 1 on species 2 Higher values = greater negative influence on opposing species |
|
|
N1 = ?
N2 = ? r1 = ? r2 = ? K1 = ? K2 = ? |
N = Population Size
r = population growth rate K = carrying capacity |
|
|
Potential Isoclines
|
|
|
|
Co-Adaptation
|
Concept of evolutionary arms race of adaptation between predator and prey
|
|
|
Biodiversity
|
Complexity and variety of species within a community
|
|
|
Top-Down Control
|
Entire ecological community relies upon a keystone predator to keep everything in balance... If it is removed, the balance will be lost.
EX: Wolf on moose population |
|
|
Bottom-Up Control
|
Entire ecological community relies upon keystone prey to keep everything in balance.
EX: Plankton on Fish population |
|
|
Predator/Prey Populations
P=? H=? r=? d=? p=? a=? |
P= Number of Predators
H= Number of Prey r= Intrinsic rate of growth for Prey d= death rate for predators p= rate of predation a=birth rate for predators |
|
|
Growth Equation for Prey
|
|
|
|
Zero Growth Condition for Predators:
|
If H>d/ap... Predator population will grow
If H<d/ap... Predator population will decline |
|
|
Stable Equilibrium
|
Point at which prey/population levels will stop changing and will remain constant over time... found at the intersect between the two isoclines
|
|
|
Unstable Equilibrium
|
Will explode in either direction, resulting in irreversible changes.
|
|
|
Type 1 Predator Functional Response:
|
Rate of prey capture is proportional to prey density
|
|
|
Handling Time
|
Time required before a predator can capture more prey
|
|
|
Holling's Disk Equation
|
C = Number of prey captured
T = Handling Time A= attack rate of predators N = populations density of prey |
|
|
Search Image
|
Predators develop an image that they associate with prey... Rare prey or prey that look different may be avoided
|
|
|
Type 3 Predator Functional Response
|
A predator must learn how to deal with rare prey... Over time the rare prey becomes more populous and the predator learns how to deal with it, but then the capture rate maxes out at a certain point due to handling time
|
|
|
Type 2 Predator Functional Response
|
A predator's rate of capture maxes out a point because of handling time required between prey
|
|
|
Obligate Mutualism and Example:
|
Two organisms are absolutely dependent on one another
EX: Yucca Moth and Yucca Flower |
|
|
Facultative Mutualism and Example:
|
Organisms grow better together, but it is not required.
EX: legumes and nitrogen fixing bacteria |
|
|
Name the mutualist associated with each of these and explain the relationship:
COW LEGUME YUCCA LICHEN-FORMING FUNGI |
COW:BACTERIA
HELP DIGEST CELLULOSE LEGUME:N2-FIXING BACTERIA PROVIDES RAW MATIERIALS:HELPS SOIL YUCCA:YUCCA MOTH Pollinates and provides nectar Lichen-forming fungi:Algae Shares nutrients and protects |
|
|
Endosymbiotic Theory
|
Modern cells are the result of an ancient symbiotic relationship between ancient pre-cell lifeforms
|
|
|
Huffaker's Orange Mite Experiment
|
Proved that more complex environment could stabilize a population... More simple environment would just boom and bust over and over.
|
|
|
Mimic
|
Organism that is producing a confusing signal
|
|
|
Model
|
Whatever the mimic is mistaken for
|
|
|
Aggressive Mimicry and example
|
Predator or Parasite that attracts prey with a trick
EX:alligator snapping turtle's wormy tongue |
|
|
Distraction Mimicry and example
|
Part of the prey is a model for something else...
EX: Lizards tail breaks off and wriggles |
|
|
Mullerian Mimicry and Example
|
Everybody wears the same spooky uniform
EX: bees and wasps |
|
|
Aposematic Mimicry and Example
|
Coloration is a warning
EX: Poison dart frogs |
|
|
Batesian Mimicry and example:
|
The model is something truly toxic, but the mimic is actually not.
EX: Viceroy Butterfly resembles Monarch Butterfly |
|
|
Cane Toads Presentation
|
Checking out relationship between poisonous cane toads and black snake's physiological resistance and learned behaviors.
FROM PJ |
|
|
Competition In Snails Presentation
|
Checking out relationship between two snails... The one drives the other to extinction every time, because it is more competitive!
BY KYLE HOSS |
|
|
Coral Presentation
|
Checking out relationship between corals and zooxanthellae... Specifically coral bleaching due to temperature increases...
BY KATIE ERICKSON |
|
|
Wolf-Moose Interaction on Isle Royale
|
Study of predator-prey interactions over time... Wolf population is becoming extremely small... especially after massive moose boom then bust...
BY AMY SCHWARDBER |
|
|
Predator Avoidance in Seagrass Meadows
|
Study of how shrimp use cryptics to blend in with sea grasses... Compared with learned fish and domestic fish...
BY DANI GULOOCK |
|
|
Predation, Body Size, and Composition of Planktons
|
Determine fish numbers on plankton numbers... With greater fish numbers, the largest plankton species will be eliminated and small ones will grow abundant...
BY TIM LAWS |
|
|
Resource Partitioning in Bumblebees
|
Is resource exploitation of bumblebees influenced by other bumblebee species.... Yes... They are forced to partition the niche and go after different plants.
BY VIRGIANA STELBROG |
|
|
Fruit-Eating Birds and Mistletoes
|
Examining parasitic relationship between mistletoe and trees... Distribution is strongly aggregated, especially in bigger trees...
BY MARY BEF |
|
|
Ecological and Economic Analysis of Watershed Protection
|
Hard to calculate actual losses or predict the future, but it certainly seems like economy could come to a halt in the future...
BY MARK WAGGNER |
|
|
Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia
|
Runoff leads to phytoplankton boom, decreasing oxygen levels in water and killing fish...
BY WIZZBEF IDVEY |
|
|
Sea Urchin Grazin
|
Study of what factors control sea urchin grazing intensity in kelp forests and how these in turn control the community as a whole...
BY EMILY HANNAAA |
