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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Population (N) |
A group of the same species that live together and reproduce |
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Population size vs growth rate
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pop size depends on I,E,B and D growth rate is in a closed system so only B and D are considered |
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Immigration vs Emigration |
Immigration animals enter the population Emigration animals leave the population |
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continuous vs discrete growth |
continuous growth time is infinitely small used when b and d are constant?
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seed bank |
seeds that lay dormant in the soil
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time lag |
used when growth rate is dependent on an earlier point in time |
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density dependent vs independent
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dependent-b and d are influenced by population density e.g. crowding, reduction of b, increase of d this is due to limited resources
independent- b and d are not affected by not affected by population density, there is exponential growth |
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intrinsic rate of increase (r) |
r=b-d measures the increase of individuals in a pipulation over time r>0 exponential r<0 extinction r=0 constant |
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doubling time |
no matter the starting size of the population it'll double after a fixed time period |
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finite rate of increase (lambda) |
used in discrete equations a ratio measuring the proptional change in population size from 1 time step to the next |
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deterministic vs stochastic |
deterministic-outcome is only determined by inputs, no chance, basically perfect world with no uncertainty
stochastic-variability associated with good and bad years of population growth basically variability in b and d is present |
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carrying capacity (K) |
The max pipulation tha can be supported by the environment
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stable equilibrium vs unstable equilibrium |
stable- no matter what the starting population is, it will always move to K |
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damped oscillations vs stable limit cycle |
stable limit cycle-periodically rising and falling about K, never settling on an equilibrium large rt
damped oscillations-overshoot and undershoot K until K is finally reached medium rt |
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age(x) vs age class(i) |
age is how old an individual is
age class-if something is in the 5th age class it's age is between 4 and 5 |
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fecundity/fecundity schedule b(x) |
average number of female offspring born per unit of time to an individual female at a certain age |
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semelparous vs ieroparous |
semelparous-reproduce once in a lifetime
iteroparous-reproduce multiple times in a lifetime |
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annual vs parennial |
annual-plants complete life cycle in 1 season
parennial-plants complete life cycle in more than 1 season |
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cohort S(x) |
number of individuals that survive each year that were born at the same time |
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Survivorship/survivorship schedule l(x)=S(x)/S(o) |
proportion of original cohort that survives to age x probability an individual will survive from birth to age x |
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Type I,II,and III survivorship curves |
type I-humans, large amount of young and less old individuals type II-birds in between type I and III
type III-insects little young and lots of old individuals |
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Net Reproductive Rate (Ro) |
mean number of female offspring produced per female over her lifetime Ro=1 constant Ro> 1 population increase Ro < populatoin decrease |
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generation time (G) |
average age of parents of all offspring produced by a single cohort |
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life history trate trade-offs vs constraints |
trade-off: more energy on reproduction, less energy on everything else
constraint-physological/evolutionary limitations that prevent the evolution of certain life history traits |
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r selection |
low population density, resources aren't limited early reproudction semelparious reproduction large r many offspring but poor survivorship type III curve small body size |
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k-selection |
organisms with limited resources late reproduction iteroparous reproduction small r few offspring with good survivorship type I curve large body size
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exploitative vs interference vs pre-emptive competition |
exploitative-populations compete for shared resources
interference-individuals and populations behave in a way that reduces another individuals/population's exploitation
pre-emptive: indviduals/populations compete for space combination of both interference and exploitative |
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allelopathy |
plants engaging in interference competition with chemicals and whatnot |
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intra- vs inter-specific competition |
intra-specific: competition between members of the same population
inter-specific: competition between individuals of different populations |
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competition coefficients |
alpha- the amount of N2 individuals equivalent to N1 individuals
beta-the amount of N1 individuals equivalent to N2 individuals |
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state-space graph |
graph with population 1 on the horizontal axis and population 2 on the vertical axis |
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isocline |
set of abundances for which growth rate of 1 species is 0 |
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capture efficiency |
the effect of a predator on the per capita growth rate of the victim population |
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coonversion efficiency |
ability of the predators to convert new victims into additional growth rate for the predator population |
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functional vs numerical response |
numerical-per capita growth rate of the predator population as a function of the victim abundance
functional response-rate of the victims captured by the predator as a function of victim abundance |
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type I, II, III functional responses |
type I-predator consumes more as prey abundance increases
type II-increases to a max and constant rate of increase of prey consumption per predator
type III-occurs if predators switch to prey items that become more common |
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poikilotherm |
an organism that can't regulate its body temp except by behavioral means like basking never homeothermic |
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ectotherm |
cold blooded animal regulates body temp using external sources can be homeothermic |
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endomtherm |
warm blooded animal maintain a constant body temp independent of environment |
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homeotherm |
thermoregulation that maintains a stable internal body temp regardless of exernal influence |
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hyposomatic |
solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution |
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isosomatic |
solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution |
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hypersomatoc |
solution that has a higher solute concentration than another solution |
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convection |
transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid moving pass the body |
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conduction |
transfer of heat between objects that are in direct contact with each other |
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radiation |
causes both heat loss and heat gain through radiation from the sun |
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adaption |
permanent adjustment or changes in behavior, physiology, and structure of an organism to become more suited to an environment
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acclimation |
temporary adaption to a new environment or change in the old |
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microclimate |
atmospheric conditions affecting an individual or small group of organisms, especially when they're different from the climate of the rest of the community |
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foraging |
capture and consume food |
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habitat |
area where a species inhabits |
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patch quality |
based on resources present within a patch |
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habitat suitability |
the more habitat ensures survival for an individual, the higher the suitability. Also more suitable when there's low density of individuals and high amount of resources |
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ideal individuals |
individuals that choose the best habitat for survival |
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territory |
any area defended by an individual or population |
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ideal free distribution |
individuals will choose the habitat with the highest suitability |
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limiting resource |
growth rate of a species is determined by the nutrient in lowest supply relative to need, nurtrient that leads to lowest growth rate |
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Monod growth |
if a group of species have the same limiting resource then the the species with the lowest need for that resource will win |
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Zero Net Growth Isocline |
Outside the isocline the population increase, while inside it decreases. The isocline represents whent he reproductive rate equals mortality rate |
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Consumption vector |
vectors that show the change in resource availability due to consumption |
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rank abundance graph |
bar graph with species rank on x-axis and species proportional abundance on the y-axis. Species are ranked from most to least abundant. Proportional abundance=pi
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species richness |
number of species in a sample aka the number of species represented by one bar |
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species evenness |
heights of each bar in the rank abundance graph max species evenness indicates that all species samples have the same number of individuals |
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singletons |
sample collected of a species resulted in only 1 individual being collected. It indicates that it's a rare species |
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doubleton |
sample collected of a species, resulted in only 2 individuals being collected, also a rare species |
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sampling with/without replacement |
Sample without replacement-You have a certain number of individuals that you collect. You take a subsample of the species you collect, without putting that subsample back you take another one.
Sample with replacement-same as above but you replace the subsample before taking another? |
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rarefaction/rarefaction curve |
Rarefaction curve has species abundance on the x-axis and species richness on the y-axis. Rarefaction curve is generated by taking multiple subsamples from the data and averaging out the number of species found in each sample. A steep slope indicates more species can be found while a plateau indicates there are few species left to discover. |
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Species density |
number of species collected per a standardized sampling effort |
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interpolation vs extrapolation |
interpolation-make inferences based on a sample
extrapolation-make references beyond our sample |
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probability of an interspecific encounter |
probability that 2 individuals in a sample represent 2 diff species |
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latitude |
more extreme latitudes have fewer species? |
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elevation |
lower elevations have more species? |
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metapopulation |
study a group of populations linked by immigration and emigration |
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local vs regional vs global extinction |
local-single population dies out
regional-all populations in a system die out
global-opposite of local extinction? |
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gene flow |
transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another |
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genetic drift |
change in the frequency of a gene varient in a population due to random sampling |
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genetic rescue |
introduced genetic diversity that reduces inbreeding depression |
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microsatellite |
short tandem repeat of nucleotides |
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SNP |
naturally occuring variants that affect a single nucleotide |
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allele |
variation of a gene |
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introgression |
movement of a gene from one species into the gene pool of another |
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halotype |
a set of DNA variations, polymorphisms, that tend to be inherited together |
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species-area relationship |
bigger islands hold more species than smaller islands |
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area effect |
larger the area of the island the more species present |
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distance effect |
nearer islands have more species |
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source pool |
mainland full of species to potentially colonize an island |
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immigration rate |
number of species that can colonize an island per unit of time immigration decrease as more species are added to the island due to fewer species present in the source pool to colonize the island |
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extinction rate |
number of species already present on the island going extinct per unit of time extinction will increase with more species on the island because there are more species to go extinct |
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turnover rate |
when immigration and emigration are at equilibrium |
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primary succesion |
new substrate is formed and colonized from natural event like a volcano or glacier |
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secondary succesion |
previously established community is removed by disturbance, such as human intervention, forest fire, etc. |
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pioneer species |
hardy species that thrive in harsh physical conditions of a newly disturbed patch. Have high fecundity, dispersal potential, rapid population growth rate, and low competitive ability |
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climax community |
Species that isn't replaced by any other group of species. For example, the pioneer species are eventually replaced by another group of species that also alter the environment. This community is self-replacing and invasion-resistant. |
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ecology |
ecology is the study of the abundance and distribution of organisms in space and time, and their interactions with each other and their environment
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food web |
organisms in the same habitat connected based on predator-prey and consumer-resource interactions |
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grazing vs detrital food chain |
grazing-primary producers are the first trophic level
detritus-decomposers are the first trophic level |
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primary producer |
any organism that can convert light into energy |
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primary consumer |
an organism that feeds on primary producers |
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secondary/tertiary consumer |
a consumer that feeds on other consumers |
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connectedness |
community? |
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energy flow |
energy that flows through the different trophic levels |
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trophic cascade |
a change in the abundance of tertiary consumers affects the entire food web |
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indirect interactions |
impact of 1 organism/species on another that's mediated by a third organism/species |
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bottom-up vs top-down control |
bottom-up: increased production results in greater productivity at all trophic levels
top-down: consumers depress the trophic level on which they feed and this indirectly increases the next lower trophic level |
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intermediate disturbance hypothesis |
species diversity is maximized when ecological disturbance is neither too rare or too frequent |
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eutrophication |
excessive plant/algea growth due to increased amount of 1 or more limiting growth factors needed for photosynthesis |
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hypoxia |
reduced oxygen content in a body of water |
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primary production |
synthesis of organic compounds from atmospheric or aqueous CO2 |
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net vs gross primary production |
net-rate at which all plants in an ecosystem produce net useful chemical energy
gross-amount of chemical energy as biomass that primary producers create in a given length of time |
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nitrogen mineralization |
organic nitrogen, from dead organism or animal waste, is converted into ammonium (NH4) through bacteria |
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assimilation |
converting nutrient into usable form? |
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mineralization |
converting an element from an organic to an inorganic state |
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decomposition |
decomposition of plants accounts for majority of nutrients in an ecosystem, nutrients like N, C, and P |
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evapotranspiration |
sum of evaporation and plant transpiration into the atmosphere |
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C:N |
Ratio of the mass of carbon to the mass of nitrogen in a substance Can indicate the nitrogen limitation in plants or if molecules in sediment came from terrestrial or algal plants |
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lignin |
Cellulose that binds cells, fibers, and vessels together, found in wood |
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tropical rainforest |
Large amount of rainfall year round. High temps, humidty, and diversity. |
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tropical savanna |
Grasslands with drought-resistant trees and shrub species. They have a regular wet and dry season and hot temperatures year round. Very rich diversity |
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desert |
Mostly drought resistant shrubs and succulents. Low precipitation. Found between 25-40 degrees latitude |
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chapparal |
Wet season during winter and dry during fall, spring, and summer. Trees, shrubs, and evergreens that can withstand fire and drought grow here. |
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grassland |
Area dominated with grass, few if any trees. |
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temperate forest |
Moderate climate and deciduous trees. |
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boreal forest |
Cold environment with more precipitation than tundra. Mostly evergreen type trees. |
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arctic tundra |
Marshy plain that experiences permanent freezing. Little precipitation or evaporation. |
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oceans |
largest and most diverse ecosystems |
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kelp forests and coral reefs |
Coral reefs are mostly in warm waters and form along continents, islands, and atolls. |
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estuaries |
areas where freshwater streams/rivers merge with the ocean |
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rivers and streams |
Higher oxygen levels at the surface and more fish. Higher species diversity, plants and algea, in the middle of river. Mouth of river has the least amount of diversity due to less light and oxygen. |
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lakes and ponds |
Isolated bodies of water with limited diversity. |
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wetlands |
Areas of standing water that support aquatic plants. Have highest species diversity of any ecosystem. |
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vostok ice core |
Longest ice core drilled and shows data from past 4 glacial cycles |
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inter-glacial |
Period of warmer global temperatures between glacial periods. |
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carbon dioxide |
Primary greenhouse gas emitted due to human activites |
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methane |
Second most prevalent greenhouse gas emitted by humans. More efficient at trapping heat than CO2 |
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dueterium |
Hydrogen isotope |
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intergovernmental panel on climate change |
Likely that there's been significant antrhopogenic warming over the past 50 years averaged over each continent except antartica |
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mauna loa |
Annual growth rate of CO2 at mauna loa is similar to global growth rate |
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kyoto protocol |
International treaty that requires that state parties reduce greenhouse gases |
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commerce clause |
gives congress power to regulate commerce across state lines thus allowing congress to restrict disposal out of state wastes
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property clause |
congress has power to make rules and regulations about territory/property belonging to the US |
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necessary and proper clause |
congress has the power to make all laws that are necessary and proper to execute the powers of gov
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treaty power |
president can propose and negotiate treaties between the US and other countries |
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ratification |
basically makes treaties legally binding |
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endangered species act |
Signed into law in the 1970s, meant to keep imperiled species from extinction. |
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clean water act |
Regulates discharges of pollutants into surface water and the quality of the surface waters in the US |
