Ecology Final

Front 1

Spatial variation in community structure

Back 1

zonation

Front 2

spatial variation in vegetation types

Back 2

vegetation zone

Front 3

temperature changes as latitude changes

Back 3

latitude zonation

Front 4

temperature changes as altitude changes

Back 4

altitude zonation

Front 5

There is a _______ in vegetation from east to west due to decreasing humidity (moisture) in the US.

Back 5

decrease

Front 6

major regional ecological community of plants and animals

Back 6

biome

Front 7

biome: high precipitation, high temperature

Back 7

tropical rainforest

Front 8

biome: low precipitation, very low temperature

Back 8

tundra

Front 9

biome: very low precipitation, high temperature

Back 9

desert

Front 10

life zone that is based on temperature

Back 10

Merriam life zone

Front 11

life zone based on avg. annual biotemperature and precipitation

Back 11

Holdridge life zone

Front 12

sum of the avg. daily temp. over the year for the days when avg. daily temp. is >0 degree Celsius divided by 365

Back 12

average annual biotemperature

Front 13

evaporation+transpiration (plant water loss); important indicator of moisture

Back 13

Potential Evapotranspiration (PET)

Front 14

PET/preciptitation

Back 14

PET ratio

Front 15

PET=1

Back 15

humidity will remain stable overtime

Front 16

PET<1

Back 16

humidity will increase over time (wet)

Front 17

PET>1

Back 17

humidity will decrease over time (dry)

Front 18

high latitude--> low latitude

Back 18

temp increases

Front 19

low altitude--> high altitude

Back 19

temp decreases

Front 20

major ecosystems that result from predictable patterns of climate as influenced by latitude, global position, and altitude

Back 20

ecoregions

Front 21

four ecoregion domains in north america

Back 21

polar, humid temp, dry, humid tropical

Front 22

Biogeographical regions are based on _______

Back 22

distribution of terrestrial animals

Front 23

number of species in a certain area

Back 23

species richness

Front 24

When PET increases species richness _____ but will eventually level off.

Back 24

increases

Front 25

species that is only found in a certain area (state)

Back 25

endemic species

Front 26

States with the greatest endemic species have the greatest ________. California, Hawaii, Texas, Florida

Back 26

species richness

Front 27

two most important abiotic factors that affect species

Back 27

moisture and temperature

Front 28

decrease in species richness as one travels northeast from california

Back 28

mammals

Front 29

decrease in species richness as one travels north from Texas

Back 29

reptiles

Front 30

decrease in species richness as one travels north from Georgia

Back 30

amphibians

Front 31

decrease in species richness as one travels northwest from South Carolina

Back 31

trees

Front 32

decrease in species richness as one travels from Southern Mexico to Northern Canada

Back 32

Birds

Front 33

As you travel east-west, grasses become _______.

Back 33

shorter

Front 34

_____ are needed to maintain grasslands.

Back 34

Fires

Front 35

Grasslands have _____ rates of evaporation.

Back 35

high

Front 36

Two dominant animals in grasslands

Back 36

grazing (bison) and burrowing (prarie dog) species

Front 37

patches of grass are seen

Back 37

bunch grass

Front 38

tallest grass on tallgrass praries

Back 38

big bluestem grass

Front 39

lawn of grass is seen (grows uniformly)

Back 39

sod grass

Front 40

two kinds of bunch grass

Back 40

orchard grass and little bluestem

Front 41

two kinds of sod grass

Back 41

kentucky blue grass and western wheatgrass

Front 42

Forests show a/an ______ in their ANPP as temperature increases.

Back 42

increase

Front 43

Grasslands show a/an ______ in their ANPP as temperature increases.

Back 43

decrease

Front 44

a tropical grassland with scattered trees or shrubs; mostly located in Africa

Back 44

savanna

Front 45

The world's largest diversity of ________ is found on the savannas of Africa.

Back 45

ungulates (hoofed animals)

Front 46

Most deserts are located in these two places.

Back 46

Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn

Front 47

Two examples of a Semiarid Desert

Back 47

Gobi and The Great Basin

Front 48

Two examples of an arid desert

Back 48

Australian Great Desert and the Sahara in Africa

Front 49

a region where the subsoil is frozen (called permafrost, a permanently frozen ground layer)

Back 49

tundra

Front 50

Two types of tundra

Back 50

arctic and alpine

Front 51

type of tundra that is found around the north pole

Back 51

arctic tundra

Front 52

type of tundra that is found on the top of tall mountains, including those in the tropics

Back 52

alpine tundra

Front 53

stunted form of trees that are characteristic of transition zones between alpine tundra and subalpine coniferous forest

Back 53

Krummholz

Front 54

______ a krummholz there are no coniferous plants

Back 54

Above

Front 55

_____ a krummholz there are coniferous plants

Back 55

below

Front 56

Three types of forests

Back 56

coniferous, temperate deciduous, tropical

Front 57

Coniferous forests consist of all ________.

Back 57

gymnosperms

Front 58

seeds that are enclosed in an ovary during development

Back 58

gymnosperms

Front 59

seeds are enclosed in ovary

Back 59

angiosperm

Front 60

All conifers are evergreen except ____ and ____ ______.

Back 60

larches and bald cypress

Front 61

6 important genera of conifers

Back 61

picea, abies, pinus, larix, tsuga, juniperus

Front 62

conifer, Norway Spruce, native to northern and central Europe, monoecious

Back 62

picea

Front 63

conifer, Basalm Fir, northern to most of northern US and into Canada, monoecious, widely used as Christmas tree

Back 63

abies

Front 64

conifer, Loblolly Pine, widely distributed in the southeastern US, fast growing, moderately tolerant to shade when young but becomes intolerant, monoecious

Back 64

pinus

Front 65

deciduous coniferous, Eastern Larch, native to N. America and Arctic Circle, one of the last to drop leaves in autumn, needle flat and light green, monoecious

Back 65

Larix

Front 66

conifer, Eastern Hemlock, native to Eastern Canada and Applachia, Monoecious with the flowers in separate clusters on the same branch

Back 66

Tsuga

Front 67

conifer, native to northern Asia, Europe and the US, has one of the widest distributions of any shrub, typically dioceious, fruits used in making gin

Back 67

Juniperus

Front 68

The only deciduous conifer (rest are evergreen)

Back 68

Larix

Front 69

the only dioecious conifer

Back 69

juniperus

Front 70

6 important genera of deciduous trees

Back 70

fagus, acer, quercus, betula, liriodendron, populus

Front 71

deciduous, American beech, late successional species, predominant in Indiana and Eastern third of the US, lower points on PAR vs. light curve

Back 71

Fagus

Front 72

deciduous, Sugar Maple, late successional species, similar to American beech (low point on PAR light curve), mostly in the North-eastern part of US

Back 72

Acer

Front 73

deciduous, Eastern Red Oak, main source of food for small animals, similar distribution to sugar maple but also extends farther down, monoecious

Back 73

Quercus

Front 74

deciduous, yellow birch, not abundant in Indiana

Back 74

Betula

Front 75

deciduous, Tulip Tree, State tree of Indiana, grows in low lying area (really big tree), is a discontinuous species (can be found in one location and in another far far away)

Back 75

liriodendron

Front 76

oldest and most primitive angiosperm family

Back 76

magnoliaccae

Front 77

deciduous, trembling aspen, common in boreal forests, most widely distributed tree in America, has asexual reproduction, dioecious

Back 77

Populus

Front 78

Most Broadleaf Trees in temperate areas are deciduous but there are 3 exceptions:

Back 78

Eucalyptus, Nothofagus, Magnolia

Front 79

large oval and waxy leaves that help drain rainwater quickly

Back 79

drip tips

Front 80

freshwater lakes

Back 80

lentic ecosystem

Front 81

depression in the ground that results from moving glaciers

Back 81

Pothole lakes

Front 82

forms due to retreating glacier and larger than a pothole lake

Back 82

glacial lake

Front 83

forms due to water accumulated after a volcanic eruption

Back 83

volcanic crater lakes

Front 84

forms when the river changes its course

Back 84

Oxbow lake

Front 85

lentil ecosystem stratification layer that is at the top of deep water

Back 85

limnetic zone (eplimnion)

Front 86

lentic ecosystem stratification layer that is at the top of shallow water; where halophytes grow (roots are in soil but flow in water)

Back 86

littoral zone

Front 87

lentic ecosystem stratification layer that is in the middle area and has compensation level

Back 87

metalimnion

Front 88

lentic ecosystem stratification layer that is the bottom layer

Back 88

profundal zone (hypolimnium)

Front 89

type of lake, low surface to volume ratio; clean and clear; low in primary and secondary productivity

Back 89

oligotrophic lake

Front 90

type of lake, low in oxygen, high surface to volume ratio, muddy and shallow, more nutrients

Back 90

eutrophic lake

Front 91

freshwater rivers

Back 91

lotic ecosystemsb

Front 92

body of land from where all water drains to the same river

Back 92

watershed

Front 93

ocean zone that is sunlit

Back 93

euphotic zone

Front 94

middle zone of ocean

Back 94

disphotic zone

Front 95

zone of ocean where there is no sunlight

Back 95

aphotic zone

Front 96

plant species that produces small plant embryos instead of seeds

Back 96

vivipary

Front 97

something that takes in carbon from the atmosphere without which the rate of CO2 assimilation decreases

Back 97

carbon sink

Front 98

forms when SO2 interacts with humidity (mixture of smog and sulfur dioxide)

Back 98

industrial smog

Front 99

forms when NOx interacts with sunlight

Back 99

photochemical smog

Front 100

4 conditions for photochemical smog formation

Back 100

sunlight, temp greater than 18 degrees Celsius, presence of nitrogen oxides, presence of volatile organic compounds

Front 101

source of pollution is easily pin pointed and identifiable (ex: factory)

Back 101

point source pollution

Front 102

source of pollution comes from a large area

Back 102

non-point source pollution