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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the study of ecology?
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d
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Species
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potentially interbreeding organisms
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Population
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potential interbreeding individuals within defined geographical area
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Community
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group of interacting organisms of different species within the same area
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Ecosystem
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community of organisms in their physical environment interacting as an ecological unit (biotic/abiotic)
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Landscape
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Energy flow, nutrient exchange
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Biosphere
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portions of the atmosphere capable of sustaining life
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Eco-terminology
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s
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Who coined the term ecology? When?
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Ernst Haeckel
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Who coined the term ecosystem? When?
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Author Tansley, 1935
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Who was Margret Davis and what was her significance?
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paleoecologists who took pollen samples in lakes
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F.E. Clements
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father of plant ecology
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Charles Adams
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animal ecology
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Author Tansley
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coined the term ecosystem in 1935
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Henry Cowsles
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first pioneer ecosystem studies and community concepts
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G.E. Hutchinson
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statistics to ecology
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Zone of illuviation
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accumulation
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Zone of elluviation
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leaching
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Soil O
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organic layer
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Soil A
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mineral layer
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Soil E
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maximum zone of leaching
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Soil B
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most developed soil structure
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Soil C
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least developed, weathered
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Who was the pioneer of Ecology that documented temperature dependent zones of vegetation zones of vegetation in South America?
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Alex von Humbolt
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Who was the father of botany or plant ecology?
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F.E. Clements
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Ellen Swallow
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First women ecologist
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Physiological ecology
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species response to environment
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Population ecology
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population size, speciation, evolution, E. allocation
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Community ecology
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species diversity, competition, sucession
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Biogeochemical ecology
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nutrient cycling, primary production, decomposition
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Systems ecology
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math modeling
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5 crucial ecological roles of soil:
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1) medium for plant growth
2) recycling system of nutrients, organic waste 3) system for water supply and purification 4) engineering medium 5) habitat for soil organisms |
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Regolith
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area in the soil resting on bedrock
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What soil horizons make up the solum or true soil?
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O, A, E, B
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What are the factors of CLORPT?
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climate, organism, relief, parent material, time
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What are the five major contributing factors of pedogenesis?
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climate, parent materials, topography(relief), biota(organisms), and time
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What is pedogenisis?
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the making of soil
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WHat soil types does loam contain a mixture of?
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equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay particles
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Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
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intermediate rates of diversity create highest levels of species divesity
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What are the tradeoffs between reproducing later or early in life?
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Early: bet on young to carry on species but can reproduce more safely
Later: bet on parents to carry on species (higher chance of dying before reproducing) |
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Realized niche
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where species actually live
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Fundamental niche
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total area a species could survive without interactions
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What are the effects of competition on niche? How is is measured?
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Specialization, generalists. Cannot be measured but only the effects of competition can be measured.
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Mutualism
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both species benefit
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Predation
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one benefits at the others expense
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Commensalism
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one benefits while the other is unaffected
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Competition
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both species negatively affected
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Neutralism
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NOT competition
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-3/2 Self Thinning Rule
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Intraspecific competition
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Myrica cerifica, frankia
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Exuvia
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outershell
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What is predator satiation? Examples?
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internal constraints, cannot eat anymore
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How does a prey avoid predation?
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What is masting?
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producing a bumper crop of acorns
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What is Schistosoma? Where is it found?
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What is Plytolicca and what does it do?
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Pokeweed and it
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What is symbiosis?
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specialized form of mutualism where species become physiologically integrated
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What is Mycorrhizae? Where is it found, what does it do?
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Fungus root association, infects root increases absorption
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VAM
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Vesicular arbiscular mycorrhizae, infects roots
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Ectomycorrhizae
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forms mantle around roots and a netlike structure around root cells
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Arbuscules
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sites of exchange between fungus and plant
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What is the relationship between ants and the acacia trees?
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obligate: ants get protection, nectar, and proteins. acacia trees get protection from predators- insects protect seeds from predation and pollinate other flowers.
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Why would plants have extra floral nectaries?
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Plants provide food/nectar
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What is the genus of ants called?
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pseudomyrmex
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What are some of the definitive criteria of a Wetlands system?
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- greater than 50% of the vegetation in the area must be hydrophytes
- soil must be hydric within 12 inches of the surface - area must be wet for greater than 12.5% of the growing season |
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Paraheliotropic plants do what? What example was given in class?
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avoid the sun directly. Dune Pennywort (Hydrocotyle Bonariensis)
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Acclimation
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reversible charge in morphology and/or physiology within an individual in response to a change in the environment
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What is the term for evolutionary change?
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adaptation
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What is a stenothermal organism? Where do you find many of these? Why?
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organisms that can survive in a narrow range of temperatures. in the tropics because have been stable for a long time.
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