Ecology & Evolution Midterm

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Agouti gene

Back 1

gene that determines dorsal coat color

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Natural Selection

Back 2

accumulating mutations to adapt and survive in local environment

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Gene

Back 3

discrete stretch of DNA

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Genome

Back 4

all the genes in an organism

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Allele

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one or two variations of a gene

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Gene Pool

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all the genes and their variants in the population

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Speciation

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divergence of existing species into new species

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Microevolutionary mechanisms

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changes in gene frequencies or alleles in a population

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4 ways microevolutionary mechanisms occur?

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1 natural selection 2 mutation 3 Gene Flow 4 Genetic drift

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Gene flow

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gains and losses of alleles from population due to movement of individuals

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Genetic drift

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random changes in allelic frequency in a population... only see drift in a small isolated population

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Mutation

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random change in genetic code... occur spontaneously

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Founder Effect

Back 13

small group of individuals isolate themselves and breed amongst themselves (ex: amish)

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Bottleneck Effect

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occurs when there is a disaster of some sort that reduces a population to a small handful, which rarely represents the actual genetic makeup of the initial population. This leaves low genetic diversity among the surviving individuals (ex: Northern Elephant Seals being hunted and nearly extinct)

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Sexual Selection

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process that depends on the advantage of certain individuals over others of the same sex & species in exclusive relationship to reproduce

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Intrasexual Selection

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individuals of 1 sex (males) gain competive edge by fighting winner gets mate loser noting

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Physical Traits of Intrasexual Selection

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claws, fangs, horns, antlers

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Sexual dimorphism

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difference between males and females of a species (ex: size, color, antlers)

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Intersexual Selection

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selective mate choice where usually female choose mate with preferred characteristics

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Symmetry

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Means they have good genetics, no mutations, no accidents, injury and good nutrition

(ex: Barn swallow pair tail feathers which females look for equal length tail feathers)

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Evolution

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Inherited changes over time

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Inherited

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passing on from one generation to the next (offspring)

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allopatric speciation

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event occurs that splits population (ex: severe rainstorm caused a river to form but a slug can't cross so now slug pop. is split)

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4 Nucleotides

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Cytosine, Thymidine, Adenine, Guanine

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Bold letters in gene group =

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mutation

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Evolutionary History

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Everything was organized, including inanimate objects in a hierarchical ladder (ex: god -> humans -> worms)

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Scala Naturae

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"ladder of life" (no extinction, no change, everything alive has always been alive)

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Antediluvian

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before the flood

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Gideon & MaryAnn Mantell (1822)

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Saw a bit of bone, first entire fossil skeleton of an Iguanadon

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Darwin's Galapagos Findings

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1 animals were tame and not exposed to humans 2 animals and plants were unique, found on one island but not others 3 animals and plants were different than the mainland 4 unique island with some similarities to mainland S.A but very different from Europe

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Alfred Russell Wallace

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young, poor, entomologist who traveled to study insects

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Wallace's line

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Between Southeast Asia/ Asia and Australia which he realized plate tectonics had to occur because the animals could not mate with one another because they were too different

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Darwin & Wallace view of Natural Selection

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Darwin - competition

Wallace - adaptability

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2 centers for first domesticating plants

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Fertile Crescent & Eastern China (Yellow/ Yangtze River)

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What cause plant domestication?

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Climate, Location & Luck

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Spikelets

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Where seeds attach at the base of a grass plant

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Mutation of grass plants in BP times

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non shattering mutation

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Fossil Field

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Round & non-shattering grass species nest to each otehr

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Crops of fertile crescent

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emmer wheat, barley, pea, einkorn wheat, lentil, chick pea, bitter vetch, fava beans

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China

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several difference rice species, millet, soy bean

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10,500 BP

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Mutation in Wheat in Nevali Cori (Turkey)

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10,000 BP

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Mutation in rice in Yangtze River (China)