Ecology Chapter 7: Animal Adaptations

Front 1

What are animals?

Back 1

heterotrophs

Front 2

Where do animals derive energy and nutrients?

Back 2

from consuming organic compounds contained in other plants and animals

Front 3

What are herbivores?

Back 3

feed exclusively on plant tissues

Front 4

What are carnivores?

Back 4

feed exclusively on the tissues of other animals

Front 5

What are omnivores?

Back 5

feed on both plants and animals

Front 6

What are detritivores?

Back 6

Detritivores feed on detritus (dead plant and animal matter).

Front 7

Which set of herbivores eats primarily leafy material?

Back 7

grazers

Front 8

Which set of herbivores eats primarily woody material?

Back 8

browsers

Front 9

Which set of herbivores eats seeds?

Back 9

granivores

Front 10

Which set of herbivores eats fruit?

Back 10

frugivores

Front 11

Which set of herbivores eats plant nectar?

Back 11

nectivores

Front 12

What is a carnivore's biggest issue?

Back 12

obtaining enough food

Front 13

What are two important traits that carnivores have?

Back 13

short intestines
simple stomachs

Front 14

What do omnivores food habits vary with?

Back 14

seasons
life cycle stage
body size
growth rate

Front 15

Which amino acids must be supplied by the diet because the animal cannot synthesize them?

Back 15

termed essential amino acids

Front 16

Animals require ________ to release energy contained in food.

Back 16

oxygen

Front 17

What is required to carry out cellular respiration?

Back 17

oxygen

Front 18

What is the maintanence of a fairly constant internal environment in an ever-changing physical environment?

Back 18

homeostasis

Front 19

What four factors are required to keep up in homeostasis?

Back 19

body temperature
water balance
pH
salt concentration in body fluids and tissues

Front 20

Why do terrestrial animals face more extreme changes in thermal environments than aquatic animals?

Back 20

Aquatic animals live in a more stable energy environment.

Front 21

Which group of animals generate heat metabolically, which results in the maintenance of a fairly constant internal temperature independent of external temperature (homeostasis)?

Back 21

endotherms

e.g. birds and mammals

Front 22

Which group of animals acquire heat primarily from the external environment (poikilothermy)?

Back 22

ectotherms

e.g. fish, amphibians, reptiles, insects, and other invertebrates

Front 23

Define endothermy.

Back 23

heat from within / internal heat production

Front 24

Define homeothermy.

Back 24

maintenance of a fairly constant temperature independent of external temperatures (constant)

Front 25

Define ectothermy.

Back 25

heat from without / gaining heat from the environment

Front 26

Define poikilothermy.

Back 26

maintaining body temperature from the external environment (variable)

Front 27

Which group of animals regulate body temperature by both endothermy and ectothermy?

Back 27

Heterotherms

e.g. bats, bees, and hummingbirds

Front 28

Describe heterotherms when active.

Back 28

homeothermic

Front 29

Describe heterotherms when at rest.

Back 29

poikilothermic

Front 30

Which group of animals maintain body temperature by oxidizing glucose in cellular respiration and also escape the thermal restraints of the environment?

Back 30

homeotherms

Front 31

What is the thermoneutral zone?

Back 31

a range of environmental temperatures within which the metabolic rates are minimal

Front 32

Where does the metabolic rate increase?

Back 32

beyond the critical temperatures above and below the thermoneutral zone

Front 33

How do homeotherms regulate exchange between the body and environment?

Back 33

insulation

e.g. fur, feathers, body fat

Front 34

What do poikilotherms depend on?

Back 34

environmental temperatures

Front 35

What is a rete?

Back 35

blood circulation system found in sharks and tunas which allows them to keep internal temperatures higher than external ones

Front 36

______ helps some animals conserve energy.

Back 36

Torpor

Front 37

What is the dropping of body temperature to approximately ambient temperature for a part of each day, regardless of the season.

Back 37

daily torpor

Front 38

Name the term that describes long, seasonal torpor.

Back 38

hibernation

Front 39

________ of body fluids takes place when the body temperature falls below the freezing point without actually freezing.

Back 39

Supercooling

Front 40

What can conserve heat in a cold environment or can can cool vital parts of the body under heat stress?

Back 40

countercurrent heat exchange

Front 41

What is venous blood?

Back 41

returning blood to heart

Front 42

What is arterial blood?

Back 42

blood coming from heart

Front 43

What are hyperosmotic organisms?

Back 43

organisms that gain water spontaneously from the surrounding water (aquatic organisms)

Front 44

What are hypoosmotic organisms?

Back 44

Hypoosmotic organisms lose water spontaneously in the surrounding water (marine organisms).

Front 45

What are the internal mechanisms in organisms that control the periodicity of functions and activities?

Back 45

biological clocks

Front 46

What is the cycle that results from physicological response to the diurnal (day/night) environment?

Back 46

circadian rhythm

Front 47

What are the hours of day and night which play a major role in the biological rhythms of animals?

Back 47

photoperiods

Front 48

What adaptations do organisms who live in constant dark environments possess?

Back 48

terrestrial - lack of pigment, vestigal eyes (blindness)

aquatic - bioluminescence, large eyes