Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
abiotic factors of environment |
water, temperature |
|
|
limiting factors |
abiotic components that ultimately determine the presence or absence of an organism in a given area EX: nitrogen or phosphorus for plants to grow |
|
|
law of minimum |
one crucial ingredient in the environment is in short supply that influences where an organism is able to live von Liebig 1840 |
|
|
law of tolerance |
there are upper and lower bounds to physical factors an organism can tolerate a range where a species can survive in certain conditions shelford 1913 |
|
|
optimum zone |
where species will survive the best |
|
|
zone of stress |
organisms can survive here, but have to fight to survive |
|
|
hutchinsonian niche |
the niche of an organism as as n-dimensional hyper volume unsung the law of tolerance all factors combined determine where an individual will live |
|
|
fundamental niche |
the set of conditions where a species can be found based on its hutchinsonian niche |
|
|
realized niche |
where a species is actually found after accounting for biotic interactions |
|
|
what are the 7 ways to cope with environmental changes |
fail to cope and die homeostatic mechanisms and other physiological adaptions behavioral adaptions stage of the life cycle capable of coping hibernation or aestivation migration acclimate |
|
|
what are the 3 examples of adaptive avoidance |
hibernation or aestivation migration acclimate |
|
|
temperature |
most important factor in distribution and abundance of organisms because of its effect on biological process, such as metabolic rate, and because of the inability of most organisms to regulate their body temperature many influences within environment influencing species |
|
|
earth equinox |
spring, fall more light towards equator |
|
|
summer solstice |
summer more light towards tropic of cancer earth tilted |
|
|
what is water temperature range |
-2 to 40 degrees C |
|
|
what is air temperature range |
-70 to 85 degrees C |
|
|
hydrothermal vents temperature |
as high as 250 degree C |
|
|
life activities temperature range |
0 to 40 degrees C |
|
|
terrestrial environment temperature |
extreme temperatures limits species |
|
|
homeotherms |
physiologically regulate their body temperature |
|
|
poikilotherms (heterotherms) |
body temperature fluctuates with environment |
|
|
endotherms |
produce sufficient metabolic heat to maintain a high body temperature |
|
|
ectotherms |
gain their heat from the outside environment |
|
|
countercurrent heat exchange |
can be used to keep heat or cool off |
|
|
supercoiling |
release glucose, glycoproteins or other compounds in blood to survive below 0 degree C |
|
|
behavioral adaptation |
sharing body heat to cope with temperatures |
|
|
bergmann's rule |
body size of species increases as you move from the equator to the poles larger body size means smaller body surface to body volume ratio; lower loss of heat |
|
|
allen's rule |
appendages of endothermic vertebrates living in colder climates tend to be shorter than those of related species in warmer climates reduce surface area for heat loss |
|
|
what is the greenhouse effect |
caused by a small group of gases, mainly water vapor, that together make up less than 1% of the total volume of the atmosphere |
|
|
four most significant gases |
carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide chlorofluorocarbons |
|
|
water content of plant cells depends on what two things |
osmosis and turgor pressure |
|
|
what is osmosis |
the movement of water across membranes to balance solute concentrations |
|
|
water diffuses from a solution that is what |
hypotonic |
|
|
water goes into a solution that is what |
hypertonic |
|
|
turgor pressure |
the hydrostatic pressure that increases as water enters plant cells |
|
|
relative water content |
a measure of turgidity and hence the water content of plants |
|
|
what three measures are needed to estimate relative water content |
fresh weight turgid weight dry weight |
|
|
fresh weight |
freshly cut material is weighted to get fresh weight |
|
|
turgid weight |
material is completely hydrated in water in an enclosed, light chamber until turgid weight is reached |
|
|
dry weight |
the sample is dried in a drying oven, to get the dry weight |
|
|
when RWC values less than 50% cause what |
most plants to die |
|
|
RWC values closer to 100% indicate what |
that plants are less affected by drought stress |
|
|
frost-drought |
in cold climates, water can be present but locked up as permafrost and unavailable |
|
|
animal cells lack a cell well and do not experience what |
turgor pressure |
|
|
how do animals lose water |
respiration elimination of waste |
|
|
nitrogenous waste three forms |
ammonia or ammonium ions urea uric acid |
|
|
ammonia |
very toxic that animals which produce it, excrete it immediately most animals are aquatic |
|
|
distribution patterns and population densities of animals are often strongly influenced by what |
water availability |
|
|
salt concentrations |
vary widely in aquatic environments and have great impact on osmotic balance in animals |
|
|
hyper-osmotic |
salt content is much higher than outside environment salt content gain water by osmosis as it passes over the thin tissue of the gills mouth |
|
|
osmo-conformer |
conforming to whatever salt content is in external environment |
|
|
osmo-regulator |
maintain constant salt balance only extreme salt content do they have a hard time staying constant |
|
|
hypo-osmotic |
organisms have a lower concentration of ions than their environment. Lose water from mouth and gill and have to drink continually to replace it |
