Ecology And Evolution

Front 1

Population

Back 1

a group of individuals of the same species in a given area

-populations have characteristics that individuals do not

Front 2

A group of individuals of the same species in a given area

Back 2

population

- have characteristics that individuals do not

Front 3

Density

Back 3

number of individuals per unit area

Front 4

Number of individuals per unit area

Back 4

Density

Front 5

Sex ratio

Back 5

the number of males to females

-can influence social structure and behavior

Front 6

Number of Males to females

-can influence social behavior

Back 6

Sex ratio

Front 7

Age structure

Back 7

relative proportion of individuals of idfferent ages

Front 8

relative proportion of individuals of idfferent ages

Back 8

Age structure

Front 9

Dispersion

Back 9

physical, the arrangement of individuals in space

Front 10

physical, the arrangement of individuals in space

Back 10

Dispersion

Front 11

Clumped population dispersion

Back 11

groups of 2 or 3 at a uniform distance apart from each other

Front 12

groups of 2 or 3 at a uniform distance apart from each other

Back 12

Clumped Population dispersion

Front 13

Random Population dispersion

Back 13

random dispersion, individuals no certain distance just "random"

Front 14

random dispersion, individuals no certain distance just "random"

Back 14

Random Population dispersion

Front 15

Uniform population dispersion

Back 15

individual uniformly apart from each other. (birds with eggs and nest areas)

Front 16

individual uniformly apart from each other. (birds with eggs and nest areas)

Back 16

Uniform population dispersion

Front 17

Per capita birth and death rate

Back 17

number of births and death relative to population size

Front 18

How many people are born each second

Back 18

24

Front 19

Simple model of population growth

formula

Back 19

change in population size over time = number of births - number of deaths

delta N/ delta t

How do you calculate number of births?

Hint 19

Birth rate = Births x population size

Death rate = death rate x population size

Front 20

Equation for population growth

Back 20

Nsubt = NsuboE^rt

Nsubt = population size at t in the future
Nsubo = population size now
e = 2.718
r = per capita population growth
t = time

Front 21

What do we know about exponential growth

Back 21

occurs in limited enviroments

population is closed

r is constant

all individuals are alike

no time lags


demonstrates tremendous growth potential of all populations

Hint 21

unrealistic model

population growth slows as population size decreases

Front 22

Density Dependent factors

Back 22

regulate population size, operate more intensely as N increases to limit population size

Front 23

regulate population size, operate more intensely as N increases to limit population size

Back 23

Density dependent factors

Front 24

Density Independent factors

Back 24

kill w/o regard to population size

Front 25

kill w/o regard to population size

Back 25

Density independent factors

Front 26

Exponential population growth line shape

Back 26

J shaped

Front 27

Logistic population growth

Back 27

S shaped

Front 28

Range of Tolerance

Back 28

range of abiotic conditions within which an organism can survive

abiotic means enviromental factors

Front 29

Range of optimum

Back 29

range of conditions within which an orgnaism thirves

-narrower than the range of tolerance

Front 30

Behavioral adjustment

Back 30

Short-term adjustments to maintain a favorable physical enviroment

Front 31

Short-term adjustments to maintain a favorable physical enviroment

Back 31

Behavioral adjustment

Front 32

Physiological adjustment

Back 32

medium term changes allow an organism to acclimate to the enviroment

Front 33

medium term changes allow an organism to acclimate to the enviroment

Back 33

Physiological adjustment

Front 34

Genetic adjustment

Back 34

over the long term, populations can adapt to changing conditions via natural seclection,

- changes in populations not individuals

Front 35

over the long term, populations can adapt to changing conditions via natural seclection,

- changes in populations not individuals

Back 35

Genetic adjustment

Front 36

Basic adjustments organisms often make result in genetically distinct local populations called ______
- _______ are adapted to their particular local enviroment

Back 36

Ecotypes

Front 37

Where is grass' apical meristem

Back 37

at base

Front 38

Where do carnivorous plants live?

Back 38

bogs and swamps, acidic soil, nutrient poor habitats

Front 39

Parasitism

Back 39

parasites live in intimate association with host and consume it slowly (often not killing)

endo vs ecto

free-living vs non-free living

- american chestnut

Front 40

Small pox virus and ______

Back 40

native americans

Front 41

Parasitoid -

Back 41

when organisms lay egg on or in host
host eaten after eggs hatch

Front 42

when organisms lay egg on or in host
host eaten after eggs hatch

Back 42

Parasitoid -

Front 43

Predation can limit the distribution and abundance of prey.
- it is also an important selective force

Back 43

prey are under strong selection to avoid predators

predators are under strong selection to find and capture prey

Hint 43

predator and prey populations should cycle (go up and down)
- (predator populations "track" prey popuations)

-predators can limit the abundance or distribution of prey
- example red kangaroo and dingos in australia

-evolution tends to favor all sorts of predator avoidance strategies

Front 44

Ways to avoid predators

Back 44

1. Flee (run/swim/fly) - gazelles and birds

2. Mechanical defense ( shells spines) armadillos, porcupines

3. Live in groups - buffaloos, birds flocking
a. more eyes
b. confusion
c. group defense (mobbing, attack)
d. selfish herd (safety in numbers)

4. Camouflage/ Hide (cryptic coloration/decption)

5. Aposometic coloration (colors that warn of toxins or potent defense) poison dart frogs

Front 45

Batesian mimicry

Back 45

a palatable prey species mimics an unpalatable species (coral and king snake)

Front 46

a palatable prey species mimics an unpalatable species (coral and king snake)

Back 46

Batesian mimicry

Front 47

Mullerian Mimicry

Back 47

several unpalatable species resemble each other (butterflies)

Front 48

several unpalatable species resemble each other (butterflies)

Back 48

Mullerian Mimicry

Front 49

How do plants avoid predators

Back 49

1. Mechanical defense (thorns, spines, silia)

2. Masting (producing seeds in huge numbers) overwhelms ability of seed predators to find and eat all seeds

moth larvae consume 38% of beech seeds in a non-mast year but only 3% in a mast year

3. Chemical Defenses - plants are superior chemists, they produce a host of chemical to repel herbivores
- best example of arms race

Front 50

Secondary plant compounds

Back 50

chemicals produced by plants that are not needed for their primary metabolism

Front 51

chemicals produced by plants that are not needed for their primary metabolism

Back 51

Secondary plant compounds

Front 52

Plants run the risk of herbivores evoloving to detoxify or appropriate their defenses example?

Back 52

monarchs use the glycosides obtained from milkweed plants as a toxin to repel their own predators