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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A unit of energy used to express a quantity of heat, also, the amount of heat required to heat up one gram of water one degree
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(c)alories
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1000 (c)alories, OR 1 kilocalorie, the amount of heat needed to heat up 100 grams of water 1 degree centigrade
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(C)alories
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plants, organisms that are capable of making their own food, can transfer energy from the sun into sugars; can also build starches, proteins, fats. Trees, shrubs, grass are all examples
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autotroph
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dependant on sources other than themselves for energy. Humans, all the animals, etc. Basically they require organic material that's already synthesized for energy, to carry on their metabolism/life processes(biting into an apple, to break it down for energy).
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heterotroph
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need a slight amount of already-synthesized material for life processes (certain bacteria)
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auxotroph
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Undertaken by heterotrophs:
6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O we need oxygen and sugar, we give off carbon dioxide and water |
Cellular respiration
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Undertaken by autotrophs:
can be summarized by an equation- 6CO2 + 6H2O + E -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 (^) take 6 molecules of carbon dioxide, plus 6 of water, plus the energy from the sun (all these are the reactants) -> get glucose, and give off 6 molecules of oxygen chloroplasts - chlorophyll |
Photosynthesis
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flow of energy progressing through a food chain, actual pattern of food consumption in a natural ecosystem
The grazers eat the plants, predators eat the grazers, higher order predators eat the lower order predators |
Food web
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Eat dead or decaying matter (as carnivores eat meat). Food source is another way of classifying animals.
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saprophytes
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Nonliving organic matter in an ecosystem
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Detritus
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Total mass of organic matter present at any one time in an ecosystem
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Biomass
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plants use carbon dioxide and water in order to make sugar and oxygen, animals use oxygen along with sugar to produce co2 and water
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Oxygen cycle
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carbon always accompanies oxygen in cycles. Co2 can evaporate from the ocean, found in shale and limestone, found in the ocean, coal, oil, dead organic matter, the atmosphere, plankton
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Carbon cycle
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the atmosphere has about 80% atmospheric nitrogen (a. nitrogen cannot be used directly by most living organisms, needs to be converted into nitrogen compounds, which can be used by plants. This is done by fertilizer factories, lightning, certain algae and bacteria (nitrogen fixers)
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Nitrogen cycle
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Fire and denitrifying bacteria
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turns compounds back into atmospheric nitrogen
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the largest ecological unit on land. another def: a large, stable, terrestrial ecosystem. ex: swamp, mountain
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Biome
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geological unit containing many biomes. species of plants and animals resemble each other in each of these.
neoarctic- North america + northern plateau in central mexico palearctic- asia, europe, africa north of sahara desert holarctic- a combination of the neo and pale neotropic- central and south america ethiopian- africa south of the sahara oriental- asia south of himalayan moutnatins, east side of borneo, east australian- all of australia, west side of borneo and west side of java island, and indonesian islands |
Realm
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all of life supporting areas of earth plus the atmosphere, ecosystems are part of the biosphere
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biosphere
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1. Ocean
2. Freshwater systems 3. Estuaries (mouth of river, mix of salt and freshwater) 4. Terrestrial (rainforest, deserts, praries, savannahs, tundra, taiga, forest) |
4 Major ecosystems
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bottom dwellers, live on bottom of ocean ex: anenomes
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Benthic species
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The illuminated section of the ocean-- sunlight doesn't penetrate more than 250 feet
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Euphotic zone
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Microscopic forms that are preyed upon by larger forms - from 2/10 of a milimeter to 20mm
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Zooplankton
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total number of children a woman in a given country can be expected to bear if birthrates were to remain constant for at least one generation
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Total fertility rate
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pattern of changing vital rates, a period of very rapid population growth due to the combined effect of a falling death rate and a constant birth rate
for example in 1974, the USA and Spain underwent |
Demographic transition
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7 deaths per 1000 births
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USA has an infant mortality rate
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1. Contraception
2. Sterilization 3. Induced abortion |
Three Approaches to Prevention of Birth
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Difference in population from one year to another
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Absolute difference (population)
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time it would take a population to double in size if its rate of growth remained constant
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doubling time (t sub d) (population)
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determined by birth rate and death rate
methods: 1. absolute difference 2. rate of growth 3. doubling time 4. rate of natural increase |
growth rate / methods for determining
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difference between the number of births in a year and the number of deaths in the same year divided by the population size
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rate of natural increase (population)
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1. readily visible
2. settles out 3. consists of particles 4. opaque |
4 things about smoke (and not gases)
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gaseous envelope that surrounds the earth, mixes of gases, water molecules, liquid droplets
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Atmosphere
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78% is N2, 21% is O2, 1% other gases
carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen are some 'other gases' |
Air
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Any substance that adversely affects air quality
ex: O3, CO, NO2 |
Pollutant (few examples)
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General term for particles suspended in air
ex: Mist, Dust |
Aerosol
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Smoke + Fog
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Smog
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Particles mostly of carbon, carcinogenic
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Soot
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Conifer trees
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A natural source of air pollution
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Industrial, due to pollutants, primarily the burning of coal, and doesn't require sunlight. smells smoky, looks gray to black, damages stone and marble
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London smog
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photochemical smog, due to the combination of oxygen + UV light, which forms ozone, ozone then combines with autoemissions to form smog. irritates the eyes, cracks rubber, smells like ozone, yellow to brown in color, damages crops (such as spinach or lettuce). Begins in the daytime, since sunlight is necessary. also common in NYC.
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Las Angeles smog
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In the 1960s, the introduction of new varieties wheat and rice to various countries like india, pakistan, colombia, mexico, and the philipine islands.
Wheat production and rice production have increased dramatically in these countries. The new plants however brought certain problems. |
Green revolution
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1963 - established natural air quality standards, limits pollutants emitted
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the clean air act
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1967 - local authorities were expected to implement standards, federal authorities did the research
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air quality act
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set future standards for air pollution (choose the standards for 5 years ahead)
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amendment to the clean air act
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Primary, Secondary, Emissions
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3 levels of air pollution standards
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Put in place to protect human health
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Primary air pollution standards
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Put in place to protect plants, materials, and to clear visibility
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Secondary air pollution standards
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Put in place to limit air pollution from vehicles
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Emission standards
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developed by the EPA, summarizes air pollution conditions in one or two words (good, satisfactory, hazardous)
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pollution standards index (psi)
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kills plants and trees
will continue to fall as long as man continues to burn fossil fuels destroys metals and lung tissue Ph of 4 or 5 |
Acid rain
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1. Population
2. Overconsumption 3. Political and economic barriers to food production 4. Climate |
4 Components of world food problem
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