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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ecology
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ernst haeckel made word in 1866
greek oikos = house def- the study of living interactions among living organisms and their environment |
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rachel carson
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wrote "The Silent Spring," about pollution
predictions of what would happen JFK had her talk to congress |
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biosphere
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portions of planet in which all life exists- land, air, water, atmosphere
from 8 km above earth to 11 km below surface |
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andromeda
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closest galaxy to ours-2 million lightyears away
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THE SUN
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source for ALL energy and ALL life on earth
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species
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a group of orgs so similar that they can breed and produce fertile offspring
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population
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group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
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communities
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assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined place
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ecosystem
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a collection of organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment
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biome
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ecosystems with the same climate and dominant communities
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energy flow
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less that 1% of sunlight that reaches earth is used by living organisms- the rest is reflected or escapes as heat
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photosynthesis equation
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6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
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chemosynthesis
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usually by bacteria in harsh environments- ocean vents, volcanoes, hot-acidic
use chemicals to make carbohydrates |
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autotrophs
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make their own food (photo or chemosynthesis)
are base of food chain |
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heterotrophs
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"other feeder" eat other orgs to live
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herbivores
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eat only plants
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carnivores
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eat only animals
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omnivores
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eat animals and plants
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detritivores
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eat dead matter/remains
aka scavenger |
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decomposers
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break down organic matter
(are mostly bacteria) |
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energy flow
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goes through ecosystem in one direction- sun to autotrophs to heterotrophs (consumers)
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trophic levels
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aka energy levels
each step of food chain or food web is trophic level |
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ecological pyramid
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diagram that shows the relative amount of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in food chain/web
types; energy pyramid, biomass pyramid, pyramid of numbers |
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energy pyramid
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about 10% of evergy available in trophic level is transferred to orgs in the next level
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biomass
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total amount of living tissue within a trophic level (grams)
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pyramid of numbers
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relative # of individual organisms at each trophic level
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nutrient limitation
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when a single nutrient is scarce for a particular ecosystem and limits the growth of organisms in that ecosystem
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primary productivity
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the rate at which organic matter is created by producers
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weather and climate
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made by temp, precip, other environmental factors
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abiotic factors
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1- the sun
2- water 3- soil 4- air 5- temperature |
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weather
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day to day conditions of earth's atmosphere at a certain time and place
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climate
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average year to year conditions of temp, precip, etc. in a certain region
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factors that affect climate:
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- latitude ( up and down )
amount of precip shape and elevation of landmass solar energy presence of certain gases (greenhouse effect) -trapping of heat in atmosphere |
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biogeochemical cycles
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matter is constantly recycled in an ecosystem
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greenhouse effect
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CO2 and CH4 (methane) are blanket around earth- keep in solar energy- the thicker it is, the more heat trapped
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ozone depletion
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ozone = O3
ozone naturally in cool upper atmopshere (stratosphere) ozone absorbs much UV energy from sun |
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gases that eat away ozone layer
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CFCs (propellant, refrigerant)
nitrous oxide industry methane- industry, farming |
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reduction of ozone causes
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-skin cancer
-cataracts/blindness -weakened immunse system-damages vegetation, esp. marine/aquatic plants |
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transpiration
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water released through plant leaves- exchanged thru stomata
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evaporation
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water into atmosphere
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carbon cycle
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-biological processes (photosynthesis, respiration, decomp)
-geochemical processes (erosion, volcanoes) -biogeochemical (fossil fuels) -human activity (factories, deforestation, car exhaust) |
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nitrogen
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most abundant gas in atmosphere
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heating zones:
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-polar- cold, low angle
-temperate- range of temps- hot to cold -tropical- warm, direct sun |
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heat transport
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unequal heating causes wind currents
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upwelling
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cold water sinks, flows parallel to ocean bottom, eventually rises in warmer regions
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factors that affect ecosytem
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abiotic factors
-physica, nonliving- temp, precip, humidity, soik type, wind, sun biotic factors living factors |
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habitat
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area where organism lives
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