Ecology

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Evolution

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The change in allele frequency in a population over time.

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Ecology

Back 2

The study of the abundance and distribution of organisms in relation to other organisms and environmental conditions.

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Species

Back 3

A group of organisms that naturally interbreed with each other and produce fertile offspring.

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Population

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Individuals of the same species living in a particular area.

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Community

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All populations of species living together in a particular area.

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Ecosystem

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One or more communities of living organisms interacting with their non-living physical and chemical environments.

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Biosphere

Back 7

All ecosystems of Earth.

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Dynamic Steady State

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When the gains and losses of ecological systems are in balance.

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Natural Selection

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Change in frequency of genes in a population through differential survival and reproduction of individuals that possess certain phenotype.

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3 Conditions for Natural Selection

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1. Individuals vary in their traits.

2. Traits are heritable.

3. Variation in traits causes some individuals to experience higher fitness.

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Fitness (Evolutionary)

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The survival and reproduction of an individual.

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Autotrophs (Producers)

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Organisms that use photosynthesis to convert solar energy to organic compounds.

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Hetertrophs (Consumers)

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Organisms that obtain energy from other organisms.

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Mixotroph

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Organisms that obtain energy fro more than one sources (i.e. carnivorous plants).

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Weather

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Air in motion.

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6 Main Factors that Control Climate

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1. Solar Radiation

2. Seasonal Heating of the Earth

3. Greenhouse Gases

4. Circulation of Air

5. Ocean Currents

6. Topography

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Albedo

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Fraction of the sun's radiation that is reflected by a surface.

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ITCZ

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Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone

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Convergence

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Similar traits that occur under similar conditions.

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Biomes

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Grouping communities by dominant plant forms and climates.

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Name the Biome

-Equatorial

-Always moist

-Lacking Temperature Seasonality

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Tropical Rain Forest

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Tropical Zone (Tropics)

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Within 23.5 degrees latitude of the equator.

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Temperate Zone

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23.5-66.5 degrees (north and south ) latitude.

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Polar Zone

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Above 66.5 degrees north latitude.

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Biome: Tropical Rain-forest

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Characteristics:

-Warmest Temperature & Most Rainfall

-High Species Diversification

-No Seasonality in Temperature

-Infertile Soil (Due to Leeching)

-Vegetation: Tall Evergreen Trees

Found along the equator in South America, West Africa, South Asia Islands

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Biome: Tropical Seasonal Forest/ Savanna

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Characteristics:

-Seasonality in Rainfall

-Constant Warm Temperature

-Tropical Zone (mostly)

-Trees (Less Fires) or Grass (More Fires)

(Fire Favors Grass)

Found: Tropical Zones in South America, South Africa, India, Norther Australia

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Biome: Temperate Rain-forest

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Characteristics:

-Wet, but cooler than Tropical Forests

-Less Diverse that Tropical Forests

-Dominated by Conifers

Found: Southern Tip of South America, Washington State area, Eastern Australia, New Zealand

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Biome: Temperate Seasonal Forest

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Characteristics:

-Seasonality in temperature and rainfall

-Cool and less wet than rain-forests

-Deciduous forests (loose leaves in winter)

Found: Japan, Eastern China, Russia, North East US.

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Biome: Temperate Grassland/ Cold Desert

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Characteristics:

-Strong seasonality in rainfall and temperature

-Dryer than forests

-Roaming hooved animals (Bison, gazelle, etc.)

-Deep, nutrient rich soils

Found: Mid US, Between Russia and Indian

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Biome: Woodlands/ Shrub lands

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Characteristics:

-Mediterranean climates (Wine climates)

-Warm, dry season (no rainfall)

-Vegetation: shrubs

Location: Mediterranean region, southeast of South America, California

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Biome: Sub-tropical desert

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Characteristics:

-Hot, no rainfall (participation limiting all year)

-Vegetation: Cactus

Found: northern Africa, Australia

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Biome: Boreal Forest

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Characteristics:

-High latitude (60 degrees north)

-Vegetation: conifers

-Cold temperatures with percipitation

Found: Canada, Norther Russia

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Biome: Tundra

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Characteristics:

-Cold but not as wet as Boreal forest

-Just above Boreal forest

-Shrub land with short growing seaons

Found: Alaska, Northern Canada, Northern Russia.

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Turbidity

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The amount of sediment in water (a measure of water clarity).

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Riparian Zone

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Vegetation zone around (bordering) a body of water.

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Allocthonous inputs

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Organic matter introduced to the system from outside the system.

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Autochthonous inputs

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Organic matter created within a system.

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Riffles

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Areas of fast moving water in a river/stream

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Pools

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Areas of slow moving water

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Littoral Zone (Ponds/Lakes)

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Shoreline area, rooted plants, most light, more oxygen, greatest amount of photosynthesis.

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What zone in a lake/pond is there the most photosyntehsis?

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Littoral Zone

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Benthic Zone (Pond/Lake)

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Bottom area of a pond/lake, sediment, low light, low oxygen, almost no photosynthesis.

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Swamp

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Very low oxygen environment, low animal diversity, deep sediments, trees and aquatic plant.

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Marsh

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Herbacious (non-woody) plants (cattails, tall grasses), saturated soils.

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Bog

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Lake-like, small, standing water surrounded by herbaceous plants, saturated soils, acidic water full of sediment (brown water).

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Estuaries

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Mouth of rivers (like Hilo Bay)

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How much of the solar energy is absorbed by the first 10m of the ocean?

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80%

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Photic Zone (Ocean)

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Top layer of the ocean that gets the most amount of light.

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Aphotic Zone (Ocean)

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Deeper ocean waters that receive little to no light.

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What types of systems are found in shallow marine waters?

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Coral reefs and kelp beds.

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What are the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Conditions?

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1. No Mutations

2. Random Mating

3. Large Population Size

4. No immigration/emigration

5. No Natural Selection

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Limnetic Zone (Ponds/Lakes)

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Intermediate Zone (Below littoral and above benthic)