Ecology

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Ecology

Back 1

interactions between organisms and environment

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Organismal Ecology

Back 2

How body and behavior meet environment.

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Population ecology

Back 3

Factors that effects pop. size and why it changes.

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Community Ecology

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Interactions between species effect community

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Landscape Ecology

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How landscape controls dispersal of organisms and material

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Biosphere

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sum of all ecosystems on planet

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Global ecology

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how regional exchange of energy influences biosphere as a whole

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Biotic

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living

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Abiotic

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non-living

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Climate

Back 10

long term weather conditions

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Macroclimate

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patterns in global, regional, and local climates

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Disturbance

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an event that changes a community (storm, fire, human activity)

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Climograph

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Plot of the temp and precipitation in a region

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Ecotone

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area of intergradation (2 adjacent, but different communities)

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Density

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the number of individuals per unit of area

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Dispersion

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the pattern in spacing among individuals

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Mark-recapture method

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Used to estimate size of wildlife populations ( N= (mn)/x)

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Demography

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stats of population and how they change

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Life Tables

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age specific summaries of life pattern of population

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Cohort

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a group of individuals of the same age

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Survivorship curve

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proportions of cohorts still alive

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Reproductive table

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fertility schedule

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Life history

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traits that affect schedule of reproduction and survival

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Semelparity

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Big bang reproduction (lots of offspring once)

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Iteroparity

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Repeated Production (Few large offspring multiple times)

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Carrying Capacity

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max population size

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Logistic population growth

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The rate of increase decreases as approaching carrying capacity.

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K-selection

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A form of selection that occurs in an environment at or near carrying capacity (few offspring produced)

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R-selection

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A form of selection that occurs in an environment with plentiful resources (many offspring produced)

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Density independent

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affects the b rate or d rate of a pop. in ways that are unrelated to pop. density. (ex. predation, storm)

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Density dependent

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affects the b rate or d rate of a pop. in ways that are related to pop. density (ex. too few resources)

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Population dynamics

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interactions b/w biotic an abiotic factors that effect pop. size

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Metapopulation

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groups of populations that interact with each other through immigration

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Demographic transition

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switch from high pop growth (r) to (r)=0

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Age Structure

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# of indiv. of each age in pop.

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Ecological footprint

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total land and water area required by each person

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Microclimate

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ex. patterns of climate experienced by organisms under a certain log.

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Dispersal

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mvmt away from original habitat

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Dominance

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basal area (area of stumps)

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Intraspecific

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b/w same species

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Interspecific interactions

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interactions between diff species

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Interspecific competition

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-,- (when diff species compete for same resources.

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Competitive exclusion

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when species are so similar, they cannot coexist.

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Resource portioning

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ex. birds that ate diff parts of the tree.

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Niche

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species’ use of biotic and abiotic resources.

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Character displacement

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sympatric species develop characteristics faster than allopatric

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Sympatric

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species that occupy same area of land, unable to breed

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Allopatric

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occurring in separate areas

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Cryptic coloration

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camouflage

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Aposematic coloration

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poisonous coloration

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Batesian Mimicry

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mimicking poisonous coloration

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Mullerian mimicry

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2 species mimic each other

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Symbiosis

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when two or more species live entire life in direct contact with each other

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Predation

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+,- also includes parasitism

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Competition

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-,- when resources are limited

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Mutualism

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+,+ ex. seed dispersal

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Commensalism

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+,O ex. “hitchhikers” like algae on turtles.

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Bottom-up model

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influence from lower to higher trophic levels

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Top-down model

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influence from higher to lower trophic levels