Ebp Schmidt Exam 1 Vocab

Front 1

Evidence-based practice (EBP)

Back 1

practice based on:
the best available evidence
patient preferences,
and clinical judgement

Front 2

Research Utilization

Back 2

changing practice based on the results of a single research study

Front 3

Theory - ch. 1 and 5

Back 3

a set of concepts linked through propositions to provide an explanation of a phenomenon

Front 4

Pyramid of evidence

Back 4

ranking of evidence from strongest to weakest

Front 5

Barriers

Back 5

factors that limit or prevent change

Front 6

Innovation

Back 6

something new or novel

Front 7

Model of diffusion of innovations

Back 7

model to assist in understanding how new ideas come to be accepted practice

Front 8

Early adopters

Back 8

individuals who are the first to embrace an innovation

Front 9

Laggards

Back 9

individuals who are slow or fail to adopt an innovation

Front 10

Research

Back 10

systematic study that leads to new knowledge and/or solutions to problems or questions

Front 11

Descriptive Research

Back 11

research concerned w providing accurate descriptions about phenomena

Front 12

Explanatory Research

Back 12

research concerned w identifying relationships among phenomena

Front 13

Predictive research

Back 13

research that forecasts precise relationships between dimensions of phenomena or differences between groups

Front 14

Basic research aka Bench research

Back 14

research to gain knowledge for the sake of gaining knowledge ~ may later be combined with other studies and become applicable to practical issues

Front 15

Applied research

Back 15

research to discover knowledge that will solve a clinical problem

Front 16

Quantitative research

Back 16

research that uses numbers to obtain precise measurements

Front 17

qualitative research

Back 17

research that uses words to describe human behaviors

Front 18

Empirical evidence

Back 18

verifiable by experience through the five senses

Front 19

Deductive reasoning

Back 19

thinking that moves from the general to the particular (specific)

Front 20

Inductive reasoning

Back 20

thinking that moves from the particular to the general

Front 21

Abstract

Back 21

the first section of a research article that provides an overview of the study

Front 22

Introduction

Back 22

Part of a research article that states the problem and purpose

Front 23

Review of literature

Back 23

an unbiased, comprehensive, synthesized, description of relevant previously published studies

Front 24

Theoretical framework

Back 24

the structure of a study that links the theory concepts
to the study variables
~often describes the relationships among general concepts and provides linkages to what is being measured in the study -> often w a model/diagram

Front 25

Methods section

Back 25

major portion of the research article describing the study design, sample, and data collection

Front 26

Results section

Back 26

component of a research article that reports the methods used to analyze data and characteristics of the sample

Front 27

Discussion section

Back 27

portion of a research article that interprets results and how findings extend the body of knowledge

Front 28

List of references

Back 28

information for each article cited in a research report

Front 29

Cycle of scientific development

Back 29

a model of the scientific process

Front 30

Nazi experiments

Back 30

an example of unethical research using human subjects during WWII

Front 31

Nuremberg Code

Back 31

ethical code of conduct for research that uses human subjects

Front 32

Tuskegee study

Back 32

a study during which subjects were denied treatment so that the effects of the disease could be studied

Front 33

Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study

Back 33

an unethical injection of cancer cells to subjects w/o their consent

Front 34

Willowbrook studies

Back 34

an unethical study involving coercion of parents to allow their children to participate in the study in exchange for admission to a long-term care facility

Front 35

Model of EBP levels of collaboration - ch. 2

Back 35

a model explaining how five levels are intertwined to contribute to EBP

Front 36

Individual nurse level - ch.2

1 of 5 levels of the model of EBP levels of collaboration

Back 36

practice changes that can be implemented by an individual nurse

Front 37

Organizational Level - ch. 2

1 of 5 levels of the model of EBP levels of collaboration

Back 37

when nurses in an organization affect practice changes

Front 38

Translational research model - ch. 2

Back 38

provides specific strategies organizations can use to improve adoption of an evidence-based innovation

Front 39

Regional level - ch. 2

1 of 5 levels of the model of EBP levels of collaboration

Back 39

when nurses from a large geographic area collaborate to change practice

Front 40

National level - ch. 2

1 of 5 levels of the model of EBP levels of collaboration

Back 40

collaboration among nurses throughout the country to affect practice changes

e.g. AHRQ (agency for healthcare research and quality), NGC (national guideline clearinhouse), NINR (national institute of nursing research)

Front 41

International level - ch. 2

1 of 5 levels of the model of EBP levels of collaboration

Back 41

changes that result from collaboration among nurses from different countries

e.g. Cochrane collaboration, Joanna Briggs Institute

Front 42

Human Rights - ch. 2

Back 42

freedoms to which all humans are entitled {life and liberty, freedom of thought and expression, and equality before the law}

Front 43

Obligations - ch. 2

Back 43

requirements to act in particular ways

when individuals have rights others have obligations

Front 44

Declaration of Helsinki - ch. 2

Back 44

an international standard providing physicians guidelines for conducting biomedical research

Front 45

Informed consent - ch. 2

Back 45

voluntary participation by research subjects who have been informed of possible risks and benefits

Front 46

Institutional review boards (IRBs) - ch. 2

Back 46

a committee that reviews research proposals to determine that research is ethical

Front 47

Belmont report - ch. 2

Back 47

a report outlining three major principles (1. respect for persons 2. beneficence and 3. justice) for the conduct of ethical research with human subjects

Front 48

Respect for persons - ch. 2

Back 48

principle that individuals should be treated as autonomous and those with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection

Front 49

Autonomous - ch. 2

Back 49

having the ability to make decisions

Front 50

Beneficence - ch. 2

Back 50

the principle of doing good

Front 51

Justice - ch. 2

Back 51

the principle of equity or fairness in the distribution of burdens and benefits

Front 52

Full review - ch. 2

Back 52

an IRB conducts a full review if there is potential risk to human subjects

Front 53

Expedited review - ch. 2

Back 53

an IRB may conduct an expedited review if there is minimal risk to human subjects

Front 54

Minimal risk - ch. 2

Back 54

the probability and magnitude of risk are not greater than those encountered in daily life

Front 55

Exempt - ch. 2

Back 55

certain studies may be low enough risk not to require consent from individuals

Front 56

Research imperative - ch. 2

Back 56

an ethical rule stating that nurses should advance the body of knowledge

Front 57

Therapeutic imperative - ch. 2

Back 57

an ethical rule stating that nurses should perform actions that benefit the patient

Front 58

Research problem - ch. 3

Back 58

gap in knowledge that requires a solution

Front 59

Case studies - ch. 3

Back 59

a description of a single or novel event

Front 60

Pilot - ch. 3

Back 60

a small study to test a new intervention before testing with larger samples

Front 61

Replication - ch. 3

Back 61

repeated studies to obtain similar results

Front 62

Generalize - ch. 3

Back 62

applying findings from a sample to a wider population

Front 63

Systematic reviews - ch. 3

Back 63

a rigorous and systematic synthesis of research findings about a clinical problem

Front 64

Research topic - ch. 3

Back 64

a clinical problem of interest

Front 65

Problem statement - ch. 3

Back 65

describes the problem addressed in the study ~ derived from the research problem {scope of research problem, specific population of interest, independent/dependent variables, goal/Question study intends to answer}

Front 66

Purpose statement - ch. 3

Back 66

a statement indicating the aim of the study ~ derived from the problem statements

Front 67

Research question - ch. 3

Back 67

an interrogatory statement describing the variables and population of the research study ~ flows from the problem statement and study purpose

Front 68

Hypotheses - ch. 3

Back 68

formal statements of the expected or predicted relationship between two or more variables ~ derived from the problem statement/rsch question --> can be (1) associative vs. causal (2) simple vs. complex (3) nondirectional vs. directional (4) null vs. research

Front 69

associative relationship - ch. 3

Back 69

when one variable changes, the other variable changes ~ variables that occur or exist together in the real world

Front 70

covary - ch. 3

Back 70

when change in one variable is associated with change in another variable ~ when two variables covary in the same direction, a positive correlation results (p. 75)

Front 71

Causal relationship - ch. 3

Back 71

when one variable (the independent variable) determines the presence or change in another variable (the dependent variable)

Front 72

Simple hypothesis - ch. 3

Back 72

a hypothesis describing the relationship (associative or causal) between two variables

Front 73

Complex hypothesis - ch. 3

Back 73

describes the relationships (associative or causal) among three or more variables

Front 74

Nondirectional hypothesis - ch. 3

Back 74

statement of the relationship between two variables that does not predict the direction/nature of the relationship ~ common in explanatory and descriptive studies --> descriptors {associated, correlated, or related} a rationale is included in the problem statement explaining why a directional relationship cannot be predicted between the variables

Front 75

Directional hypothesis - ch. 3

Back 75

describes the direction/nature of a relationship between two or more variables ~ descriptors {increase, decrease, less, more, smaller, greater} --> can also be categorized as associative or causal, simple or complex

Front 76

Null hypothesis - ch. 3

Back 76

a hypothesis stating that there is no rltshp between the variables ~ statistical testing is used to either accept or reject this statement AKA statistical hypothesis

Front 77

Statistical hypothesis - ch .3

Back 77

no relationship among the variables; null hypothesis

Front 78

Research hypothesis - ch. 3

Back 78

indicates that a relationship between two or more variables exists ~ can be described/categorized as associative or causal, simple or complex, nondirectional or directional

Front 79

Hypothesis or empirical testing - ch. 3

Back 79

objectively measurable data gathered through the five senses to confirm or refute a hypothesis ~ variables may be phenomena that can be directly measured or may be qualities/properties/characteristics of ppl, groups or objects that are measured indirectly using questionnaires and scales

Front 80

Independent variable - ch. 3

Back 80

variable that influences the dependent variable or outcome ~ the X variable, often the intervention/Tx changed by the researcher

Front 81

Dependent variable - ch. 3

Back 81

influenced by the independent variable ~ the Y variable,

Front 82

Confounding or extraneous variable - ch. 3

Back 82

factors that interfere with the relationship between the independent and dependent variables ~ Z variable

Front 83

PICO model - ch. 3

Back 83

Patient population or patient condition of interest
- P must be carefully delineated, specific

Intervention of interest
- consider factors that may influence the prognosis and exposure to risk factors

Comparison of interest
- can be comparison with another intervention/Tx or the standard of care (e.g. main alternative)

Outcome of interest
- desired accomplishment/measurement or improvement --> must be identified to evaluate the efficacy of intervention with comparison

Front 84

Indexes - ch. 4

Back 84

a listing of electronic or print resources

Front 85

Scientific literature publication cycle - ch. 4

Back 85

a model describing how research becomes disseminated in publications

Front 86

Primary sources - ch. 4

Back 86

original information presented by the person or people responsible for creating it ~ in rsch world {journal articles, book chapters, dissertations, conference proceedings written by ppl involved in original rsch}

Front 87

Secondary sources - ch. 4

Back 87

commentaries, reviews, summaries, or interpretation of primary sources

Front 88

Peer review - ch. 4

Back 88

experts and editors rigorously evaluate the manuscript submitted for publication ~ AKA refereed judging --> process designed to ensure high quality of published works

Front 89

Scholarly literature - ch. 4

Back 89

works written and edited by professionals in the discipline for other colleagues ~ focus on narrow topics w/i the discipline, & often filled w discipline specific vocab

Front 90

Trade literature - ch. 4

Back 90

written for professionals in a discipline using a more casual tone than scholarly literature ~ contain info r/t professional development, products, practices or trends in the discipline

Front 91

Popular literature - ch. 4

Back 91

written to inform or entertain the general public ~ writing level is very basic

Front 92

Periodical - ch. 4

Back 92

a resource that is published on a set schedule ~ e.g. a journal or magazine

Front 93

Journal - ch. 4

Back 93

a scholarly or professional resource

Front 94

Magazine - ch. 4

Back 94

a resource targeted to the general reading audience

Front 95

Narrative reviews - ch. 4

Different types of reviews

Back 95

based on common or uncommon elements of works w/o concern for research methods, designs or settings ~ most traditional type of review, frequently found in trade publications, writers judge which works to include, subjective

Front 96

Integrative review - ch. 4

Different types of reviews

Back 96

scholarly papers that synthesize published studies to answer questions about phenomena of interest ~ typically found in peer-reviewed publications, do not need to include works with the same designs or research methods

Front 97

Meta-Analyses - ch. 4

Different types of reviews

Back 97

scholarly papers that combine results of studies into a measurable format and statistically estimate the effects of proposed interventions ~ include works that are similar or identical for a statistical comparison, useful when large randomized trials are not feasible

Front 98

Systematic reviews - ch. 4

Different types of reviews

Back 98

a rigorous, methodical synthesis of research findings about a clinical problem ~ combines methods of narrative, integrative and meta-analyses, scientific tool used to summarize and communicate the results and implications of otherwise unmanageable quantities of research

Front 99

Call number - ch. 4

Back 99

unique number assigned to items in a library by subject and author name

Front 100

Print index - ch. 4

Back 100

printed listing of electronic or print resources

Front 101

CINAHL - ch. 4

Back 101

Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; database for nursing and health-related literature

Front 102

Electronic indexes - ch. 4

Back 102

electronic listing of electronic or print resources

Front 103

Keyword - ch. 4

Back 103

a significant word from a title or document used as an index to content

Front 104

Grey Literature - ch. 4

Back 104

unpublished reports, conference papers, and grant proposals ~ often indicative of upcoming hot topics in the field

Front 105

Record - ch. 4

Back 105

basic building block of print and electronic information sources

Front 106

Search field - ch. 4

Back 106

where each piece of info contained in the record is entered ~ what makes electronic searching possible

Front 107

Subject headings - ch. 4

Back 107

a set of controlled vocabulary used to classify materials

Front 108

Interlibrary loan - ch. 4

Back 108

lending of items through a network of libraries

Front 109

Citation chasing - ch. 4

Back 109

using a reference list to identify sources of evidence

Front 110

recall - ch. 4

Back 110

the broad "catch" or retrieved records

Front 111

Precision - ch. 4

Back 111

a search strategy that narrows the parameters of the search

Front 112

Boolean operators - ch. 4

Back 112

words, such as and, or, or not, specify the relationship among search terms

Front 113

Truncation - ch. 4

Back 113

a search strategy that uses a symbol at the end of a group of letters forming the root search term ~ e.g. nurs*

Front 114

Wildcards - ch. 4

Back 114

symbols substituted for one or more letters in a search term

Front 115

Nesting - ch. 4

Back 115

a strategy best used when a search contains two or more boolean operators ~ aka grouping

Front 116

stopwords - ch. 4

Back 116

words such as a, the, an, for, the this, to and in, that are so commonly used that they can hinder accurate record retrieval

Front 117

Controlled vocabularies - ch. 4

Back 117

standardized hierarchical lists that represent major subjects w/i a database

Front 118

Subject searching - ch. 4

Back 118

searching databases using controlled vocabulary ~ unless otherwise noted, only records that match exactly to the terms as they were entered will be displayed

Front 119

Exploding - ch. 4

Back 119

technique for searching subject headings that identifies all records indexed to that term ~ including terms in a related, narrower category

Front 120

Qualification - ch. 4

Back 120

limiting fields of search, commonly using limits such as author, title or subject ~ designates which fields are to be searched in the record

Front 121

Positional operators - ch. 4

Back 121

specify the number of words that can appear between search terms ~ commonly used are adj (adjacent), near, same ~ adj and near can be grouped w a number to specify the number of words that can appear between such terms, same designates that the search terms are found in the same field of the record as the title or the abstrac

Front 122

Plagiarism - ch. 4

Back 122

the use of another's work without giving proper credit

Front 123

Metaparadigm - ch. 5

Back 123

four broad concepts core to nursing: person, environment, health and nursing

Front 124

Concepts - ch. 5

Back 124

words or phrases that convey a unique idea that is relevant to a theory

Front 125

Proposition - ch. 5

Back 125

a statement about the relationship between two or more concepts

Front 126

Construct - ch. 5

Back 126

a word or phrase used to communicate a specific key idea to others ~ a property that is neither directly nor indirectly observed e.g. social support

Front 127

Conceptual Definitions - ch. 5

Back 127

definitions of concepts contained in a theory that sound like dictionary definitions ~ definitions of concepts contained in the theory that is being used

Front 128

Operational definitions - ch. 5

Back 128

explicitly state how the variable will be measured or operationalized

Front 129

Empirical indicators - ch. 5

Back 129

measures of the variables being studied

Front 130

Model - ch. 5

Back 130

pictorial representation of concepts and their interrelationships