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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The kidney interacts with the cardiovascular system by
A. promoting angiotensin IV production B. promoting renin production C. responding to ADH D. Stimulating bone marrow to make erythrocytes |
B, C, D
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The kidney responds to low perfusion (pressure and flow) by
A. Stimulating renin production B. Reducing renin production C. Promoting ADH production D. Responding preferentially to AT-I |
A
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Respiratory acidosis means that
A. PaCO2 is decreasing B. HCO3 is decreasing C. PaCO2 is increasing D. HCO3 is increasing |
C
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4. Respiratory alkalosis is caused by
A. Ingesting too much HCO3- B. Breathing too slowly C. Too much acid in the stomach D. Breathing too quickly |
D
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5. Normal breathing is called
A. Negative pressure ventilation B. Positive pressure ventilation |
A
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6. When the lungs are pressurized by rapid artificial ventilation in an unconscious patient, pulmonary
blood flow can be seen to A. Increase B. Decrease |
B
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The most powerful stimulus that promotes increases in alveolar ventilation is
A. Low PaO2 B. Excessively high PaO2 C. Low PaCO2 D. High PaCO2 |
D
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Autoregulation seen in most organs means that
A. Blood pressure is adjusted to increase blood flow B. Blood flow is adjusted to decrease blood pressure C. Arteriolar resistance is adjusted to keep blood flow constant D. Capillary resistance is adjusted to keep capillary pressure constant |
C
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9. Hyperpneac bradypnea means
A. Shallow slow breathing B. Shallow fast breathing C. Deep fast breathing D. Deep slow breathing. |
D
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10. NPPE (NIP or NIPPE) all mean the same thing namely that
A. Positive pressure ventilation damages the lung tissue B. Negative pressure breathing decreases cardiac output C. Complete airway obstruction in a conscious patient can lead to pulmonary edema and death D. Expiratory airway obstruction in a conscious patient can lead to pulmonary edema and death |
C
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A patient with a [Hb]= 5.5 will have a CaO2 of
A. 1.2 mLO2/dL B. 4.4 “ C. 10.4 “ D. Need more information |
D
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12. A patient has a temporary aortic occlusion applied for a particular surgical procedure. During this
brief time and given that his CaO2 = 15 mLO2/dL his DO2 is about A. 12 mLO2/min B. 5 “ C. 0 “ D. Need more information |
C
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13. With alveolar ventilation rate designated as V, the production of CO2 (QdotCO2) can be expressed
as: QdotCO2= A. [HCO3]/PaCO2 x pH B. 6.1 + log (V) /.863[HCO3] C. log (PaCO2/[HCO3] D. 6.1 + log (V [HCO3])/.863 pH |
D
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14. A normal person will have a FEV1 = approximately
A. 0.01 L B. 0.1 L C. 2 L D. 22 L |
C
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15. Respiratory control centers are located in the ______ and respond to _____
A. Cerebral cortex, pH + PaCO2 B. Thalamus, O2 C. Medulla oblongata, peripheral chemoreceptors D. Thoracic spinal cord, peripheral baroreceptors |
C
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You sleep with your arm over your head and awake with an unresponsive limb. You drop the limb
and massage it to get blood flowing. Shortly thereafter several closed loop controllers start to work such that your breathing rate will ______ and your heart will _______ A. increase, speed up B. decrease, slow down C. increase , make glucose D. decrease, make glycogen |
C
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When breathing NOMALLY the ______ respiratory group (center) is controlling primarily the
______ but when exercising at maximal capacity the ________ respiratory group (center) becomes active and controls the ______ A. Ventral, diaphragm, dorsal, intercostal muscles B. Dorsal, diaphragm, ventral, intercostal muscles C. Ventral, diaphragm, ventral, intercostal muscle D. Ventral, intercostals muscles, dorsal, diaphragm |
B
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18. Blood flow through the lung must be very carefully controlled. When the left ventricle is unable to
eject all of the pulmonary blood and the right ventricle operates normally a condition will arise called ______ and when the left atrial pressure rises to about _____ mmHg the lung will ___ A. Pulmonary embolism, 60, dehydrate (shrink) B. Pneumothorax, 10, fill with excess air C. Pulmonary edema, 25, fill with fluid D. Stenosis, 50, shrink for lack of blood |
C
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19. The hypothalamic-pituitary component of the blood volume controller is remarkable in that it
apparently responds to both _____ and _______ A. Carotid blood pressure, kidney volume B. Blood osmolarity, atrial volume C. Blood viscosity, blood pressure D. Hematocrit, kidney blood flow |
B
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1. Arrange the following in order from the blood compartment to the final urine output.
1. ALH 2. DLH 3. DCT 4. PCT 5. CD 6. BC A. 1, 2, 5, 6, 4, 3 B. 6, 4, 2, 1, 3, 5 C. 5, 4, 1, 2 , 3 6 D. None of the above |
B
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2. The number of liters of urine water formed per day is ____ and the amount of water reabsorbed
is _____ liters A. 180, 179 B. 500, 6 C. 100, 0.2 D. 200, 300 |
A
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3. The numerical value of creatinine clearance is about
A. 100 mL/sec B. 140 L/sec C. 125 mL/min D. 250 mL/sec |
C
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4. In a normal person with serum glucose is 75 mg/dL urine glucose concentration will be about
______ A. 150 mg/dL B. 0.75 mg/L C. 0 mg/dL D. 75 mg/dL |
C
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6. Put a R adjacent to substances filtered and heavily reabsorbed, F next to those filtered but not
heavily reabsorbed or secreted, and S next to those filtered and heavily secreted Glucose Creatinine Urea Inulin Sodium A. R,F,S,F,R B. R,R,S,S,R C. S,S,R,F,R D. F,F,S,F,F |
A
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7. Which segment of the nephron does most of the active reabsorption
A. DCT B. DLH C. ALH D. PCT |
D
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8. Under NORMAL conditions identify the formula that describes the correct relationship among
pressures that determines fluid flow across the tubulo-capillary membrane (Bowman’s Capsule). J= fluid flow from Blood to Urine compartments BB= blood capillary pressure AA= plasma oncotic pressure CC= Bowman’s capsular hydrostatic pressure A J= [BB] – [AA] – [CC] B J= [AA] – [BB +CC] C J = [BB +AA] – [CC] D J= [CC] – [AA] – [BB] |
A
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9. In normal humans urine entering the collecting ducts has an osmolarity of about _____ and
when it exits the CD’s the osmolarity is about ____ (max) A. 100, 300 B, 200, 600 C. 300, 1300 D. 600, 2300 |
C
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10. A stenotic renal artery will cause the following to increase.
A. angiotensin I B. renin C. angiotensin converting enzyme D. A and B E. B and C |
D
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11. The kidney is the only organ that can correct a mild acid/base disorder 100%. It is able of to
this because it regulates ___ and _____ in the blood A. renin, H+ B. erythryopoietin, albumin C. H+, HCO3- D. HCO3-, angiotensin I |
C
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12. Complete kidney failure leads to
A. increase renin B. increased ATII C. decreased hematocrit D. increased [Hb] |
C
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13. The hormone that regulates water flow across the CD membranes is
A. LDH B. aldosterone C. ADH D. LTH |
C
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14. Identify the formula for pH of serum/plasma considering only the bicarbonate buffer system
A. pH = 1/6.1 + log (PaCO2/HCO3-) B. pH =1.6 – log (HCO3-/PaCO2) C. pH= 6.1 + log (3 x HCO3-/PaCO2) D. pH=6.1 + log (HCO3-/.03PaCO2) |
D
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15. HCO3- is a good buffer because
A. its pK is near pH B. its pK is very acid C. there is a large amount HCO3- in the blood D. there is large amount of HCO3- in the blood that can be managed by the kidneys |
D
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16. The common mechanism of all DIURETICS is
A. decreasing ADH B. increasing ADH C. loading collecting ducts with non-permeant species D. increasing aldosterone secretion |
C
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17. Chronic arterial hypoxemia induces (causes)
A. an increased GFR B. polycythemia C. decreased red cells D. decreased hemoglobin concentration |
B
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18. A large increase in plasma albumin will cause GFR to
A. increase B. decrease C. remain unchanged |
B
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19. Obstruction of the ureters will eventually cause GFR to
A. increase B. decrease C. remain unchanged |
B
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20. In the feedback hierarchy of blood pressure/volume control involving the kidney, low arterial
blood pressure will A. constrict afferent arterioles and constrict efferent arterioles B. constrict afferent arterioles and dilate efferent arterioles C. dilate afferent arterioles and constrict efferent arterioles D. dilate afferent arterioles and dilate efferent arterioles |
C
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7. Kidney damage is likely have effects involving
A. [Hb] B. Hematocrit C. blood volume D. all of these A-C E. none of these A-C |
D
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8. The approximate number of liters of urine formed per day is ____ and the amount of water reabsorbed is _____ liters
A. 180, 179 B. 500, 6 C. 100, 0.2 D. 200, 300 |
A
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9. The value of GFR is about
A. 100 mL/sec B. 140 L/sec C. 125 mL/min D. 250 mL/sec |
C
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10. In a person with serum glucose is 75 mg/dL (normal) we find urine glucose concentration = approximately ______
A. 150 mg/dL B. 0.75 mg/L C. 0 mg/dL D. 75 mg/dL |
C
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11. The hormone that regulates water flow out of the kidney is
A. LDH B. aldosterone C. ADH D. LTH |
C
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12. Identify the formula for pH of serum/plasma considering only the bicarbonate buffer system
A. pH = 1/6.1 + log (PaCO2/HCO3-) B. pH =1.6 – log (HCO3-/PaCO2) C. pH= 6.1 + log (3 x HCO3-/PaCO2) D. pH=6.1 + log (HCO3-/.03PaCO2) |
D
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14. Which of the following products, when not eliminated by the kidney, is MOST likely to cause coma?
A. Na+ B. K+ C. Ammonia D. Glucose |
C
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15. Considering model building “links”, which of the following parameters (equations)is controlled proportionally by HCO3- and inversely by breathing rate, thereby linking the CVS and respiratory systems.
A. Alveolar O2 B. Arterial blood CO2 C. O2 content D. pH |
D
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16. You ingest (PO) a medicine that is expected to have a duration of action of 4 hours and you observe that it is effective for 12 hours. You also know that the detoxification product of the drug is not active and is normally completely eliminated by the kidney.
What is wrong? A. The kidney cannot eliminate the detoxification products of the drug B. The liver is exhibiting increases cytochrome enzyme activity C. The hepatic cytochrome system has been inhibited D. The kidney is eliminating parent drug very rapidly |
C
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17. When you do CPR the newest recommendation is to
A. Do chest compressions without stopping (except for shocking) B. Do chest compressions and stop for at least 3 breaths C. Focus mainly on on good breathing and do compressions when you can D. Be sure that the shock is given as late as possible in the CPR |
A
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18. The major locations for respiratory control sensors are
A. Lungs, bronchioles, brainstem B. Bronchioles, brainstem, aortic arch C. Brainstem, aortic arch, carotid bifurcations D. Aortic arch, carotid bifurcations, hypothalamus, brainstem |
D
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19. The ureter connects
A. kidney to outside world B. bladder to outside world C. kidney to bladder D. kidney to prostate |
C
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13. If you quickly ingest 1 Liter of isotonic salt solution (the same composition as blood) you will see
A. Large increase in urine flow B. No change in urine flow C. Small increase in urine flow due to blood osmolarity change. D. Decreased urine flow |
C
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15. The average amount of fluid that enters and then leaves the GI tract in one day is about
A. 250 mL B. 180 L C. 9 L D. 125 mL |
C
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22. In order to correct renal hypertension (caused by increased renin) you could give
A. serotonin inhibitors and an ACE inhibitor B. an ARB and an ACEi C. angiotensinogen and an ARB D. ACE and angiotensin II |
B
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19. Select the equation that BEST predicts PaO2
A. PaO2=PIO2-10 B. PaO2=FIO2*(Pb-PH2O) +10 C.PaO2= (PIO2 – 1.2 PaCO2)-10 D.PaO2=DO2-10 |
C
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20. Select the equation that BEST predicts PaCO2
A. PaCO2= 6.1 log [HCO3-]/PaO2 B. PaCO2 = (CO2 production * .9)/(Tidal Volume x Breathing rate) C. PaCO2= (CO2 production – O2 consumption)/Alveolar ventilation D. PaCO2= PAO2+ 20 |
B
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When PaCO2 is caused to increase, PACO2 increases and PAO2 decreases
A. True B. False. |
A
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25. A person has a pH of 7.4 and [HCO3-] = 40. What is PaCO2
A. 25 B. 50 C. 67 D. 84 |
C
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26. The person above, having a pH of 7.4, could be claimed to have “normal” blood chemistry.
A. True B. False |
B
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27. As blood hemoglobin concentration, [Hb], increases O2 Saturation of Hb (%sat) also increases
A. True B. False |
B
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28. When a person breathes very fast and very deeply they are likely to feel dizzy and perhaps faint. This happens because
A. PaO2 decreases B. PaCO2 increases and brain blood flow increases compressing the brain C. PaCO2 decreases and brain blood flow decreases D. PaO2 increases and reduces brain blood flow |
C
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29. You find that blood O2 content (CaO2) in a person is 19 mLO2/dL blood and the cardiac output is 0.5 L/min. This situation means that
A. content is approximately normal and delivery is above normal B. content is very abnormal and delivery is abnormal C. content is approximately normal and delivery is abnormal D. content is abnormal and delivery is above normal |
C
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30. A person has suffered CO (carbon monoxide) poisoning. In order to create a CaO2 (content) equal to that in a normal person one would have to create a PaO2 of about
A. 2000 mmHg B. 6500 mmHg C. 10,000 mmHg D. 20,000 mmHg |
B
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1. All of the following could cause pre-renal failure EXCEPT
A. excessive use of a thiazide (loop) diuretic B. hypotension C. renal artery Stenosis D. congestive heart failure |
A
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2. Conditions associated with intarenal failure include all of the following EXCEPT
A. ingestion of mercury salts B. failure of Na reabsorption in the PCT C. formation of a renal calculus in the pelvis D. ingestion of carbon tetrachloride |
C
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The renal autoregulation curve predicts that as systemic pressure increases above 180
mmHg renal blood flow will A. Decrease B. Increase logarithmically C. remain relatively constant D. increase linearly |
D
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16. A large increase in plasma albumin will cause GFR to
A. increase B. decrease C. remain unchanged |
B
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Obstruction of the ureters will eventually cause GFR to
A. increase B. decrease C. remain unchanged |
B
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The medullary gradient of sodium is created to a large extent by
A. reabsorption of K+ from the PCT B. reabsorption Na+ from the thick ALH C. secretion of Na+ in the DCT D. secretion of Na+ in the CD |
B
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When plasma osmolarity changes you expect a rapid and dramatic change in
A. serum albumin B. ADH secretion C. glucose secretion D. insulin secretion |
B
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Hyperkalemia, associated with some renal diseases, is a very serious condition
because it can A. enhance nerve conduction velocity B. stop the heart C. decrease GFR D. increase GFR |
B
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7. If you ascent to a mountain where Pb=1/2 of Pb at Cleveland and the PAO2 at Cleveland is 120, the PAO2
at altitude is A. 12 mmHg B. 60 “ C. 6 “ D 1.2 “ |
B
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8. If a patient with a PaO2 of 100 mmHg, %sat =98% and [Hb]= 14.5 gm/dL looses blood such that [Hb] is
now 7.3, what is the approximate CaO2 compared to the initial CaO2 A. 20% B. 30% C. 50% D. 70% |
C
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9. Oxygen utilization by a person at rest is about ______mL/min and the oxygen availability is normally
about _______ times greater than utilization. A. 200, 2 B. 250, 4 C. 1000, 2 D. 1000, 4 |
B
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10. The answer to the question above (#9) can be calculated ONLY by
A. the PAO2 equation B. the PaCO2 equation C. the CaO2 equation D. the DO2 equation |
D
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11. When you stop breathing for 2 minutes your blood becomes ______
and ______ will increase breathing rate. A. hypotonic, low O2 B. acidic, low O2 C. alkaline, high CO2 D. acidic, high CO2 |
D
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15. At one point in time Hb binds all of the available O2 molecules in the blood. At this point the CaO2 of
the patient is _________ and the PaO2 is _______ A. finite, zero B. zero, zero C. finite, finite D. zero, finite |
A
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15. At one point in time Hb binds all of the available O2 molecules in the blood. At this point the CaO2 of
the patient is _________ and the PaO2 is _______ A. finite, zero B. zero, zero C. finite, finite D. zero, finite |
A
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