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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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EBM Definition
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Conscientious, explicit, judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.
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Practice of _____ means integrating individual clinical expertise with the BEST available external clinical evidence from systematic research.
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EBM
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Type of source where information is FIRST presented
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Primary Source
ex: research journals, theses, conference proceedings, government docs. |
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Type of source where information is summarized/edited
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Secondary Source
ex: textbooks, magazines, newspapers, encyclopedias |
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inference of a generalized conclusion from particular instances
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Inductive reasoning
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inference in which conclusions about particulars follows necessarily from general or universal premises
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Deductive reasoning
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The strength of our inference is dependant on:
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differences observed NOT being due to chance
AND our sample being representative of the whole population |
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Steps in conducting/reporting research
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1) Question
2) Background knowledge (literature review) 3) theory/hypothesis and model 4) Design for testing hypothesis (methods) 5) measurable outcome (data) 6) analyze outcomes (stats) 7) Conclusions |
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Definition of operationalization
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Converts abstract notions (concepts) into concrete measurable terms (variables)
ex: Intelligence (concept) measurable by IQ tests (variable) |
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A characteristic or quality that takes on different values and that changes from one person to the next
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Variables
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Variables: Measurements must be ___ and ____
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precise (sufficiently exact); reliable (repeatable)
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Independent Variable (IV)
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the presumed cause
ex: Smoking |
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Dependent Variable (DV)
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the presumed effect
ex: Lung cancer |
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Anticedent variable
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occur before the independent variable
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Intervening variable
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occur after the independent variables
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Confounding variables
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might cause differences in the dependent varibales AND are distributed differently in the study and control group
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Confounding variables can be due to ___ or _____ and need to be controlled for/eliminated.
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Chance (random error); Bias (systematic error)
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Simple hypothesis have ___ (#) IV and ___ DV
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1; 1
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Complex hypothesis have _____(#) IV and/or ____ DV
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2 or more; 2 or more
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Major methodologic challenge:
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Designing studies that are NOT BIASED!!
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a condition that consistently produces results which depart from true values; results that are NOT seen in the general population
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BIAS
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Reliability = _______
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reproducibility
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in general, results based on ____ (larger/smaller) samples and ____ (single/multiple) measurements are MORE reliable.
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Larger samples; Multiple measurements
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Internal Validity
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Researchers are actually studying what they propose to be studying.
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External vailidity
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results that can be generalized to subjects who are NOT in the study
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Study population should....
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represent the Target Population
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In _____ samples, each member of the population has an equal probability of being included.
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Random Samples
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